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Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 277: R1-R10, 1999;
0363-6119/99 $5.00
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Vol. 277, Issue 1, R1-R10, July 1999

Calcium metabolism before, during, and after a 3-mo spaceflight: kinetic and biochemical changes

Scott M. Smith1, Meryl E. Wastney2, Boris V. Morukov3, Irina M. Larina3, Laurence E. Nyquist4, Steven A. Abrams5, Elena N. Taran6, Chih-Yu Shih7, Jeannie L. Nillen8, Janis E. Davis-Street8, Barbara L. Rice8, and Helen W. Lane9

1 Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory, Life Sciences Research Laboratories, 4 Planetary Sciences Division, 9 Space and Life Sciences Directorate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston 77058; 5 Department of Pediatrics, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030; 7 Lockheed Martin Corporation, Houston 77058; 8 Enterprise Advisory Services, Incorporated, Houston, Texas 77058; 2 Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20007; 3 Institute for Biomedical Problems, Moscow 123007; and 6 Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, Star City 141160, Russia

The loss of bone during spaceflight is considered a physiological obstacle for the exploration of other planets. This report of calcium metabolism before, during, and after long-duration spaceflight extends results from Skylab missions in the 1970s. Biochemical and endocrine indexes of calcium and bone metabolism were measured together with calcium absorption, excretion, and bone turnover using stable isotopes. Studies were conducted before, during, and after flight in three male subjects. Subjects varied in physical activity, yet all lost weight during flight. During flight, calcium intake and absorption decreased up to 50%, urinary calcium excretion increased up to 50%, and bone resorption (determined by kinetics or bone markers) increased by over 50%. Osteocalcin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, markers of bone formation, increased after flight. Subjects lost ~250 mg bone calcium per day during flight and regained bone calcium at a slower rate of ~100 mg/day for up to 3 mo after landing. Further studies are required to determine the time course of changes in calcium homeostasis during flight to develop and assess countermeasures against flight-induced bone loss.

weightlessness; calcium absorption; mathematical modeling; stable isotope; microgravity


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