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1 CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000; and Departments of 2 Physiology and 3 Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
Epidemiological studies suggest that
retarded growth before birth is associated with increased plasma total
and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations in adult
life. Thus perturbations of prenatal growth may permanently alter
cholesterol metabolism. To determine directly whether restriction of
prenatal nutrition and growth alters postnatal cholesterol homeostasis, the plasma cholesterol response to cholesterol feeding (0.25% cholesterol) was examined in adult guinea pig offspring of ad libitum-fed or moderately undernourished mothers. Maternal
undernutrition (85% ad libitum intake throughout pregnancy) reduced
birth weight (
13%). Plasma total cholesterol was higher prior
to and following 6 wk cholesterol feeding in male offspring of
undernourished mothers compared with male offspring of ad
libitum-fed mothers (P < 0.05). The influence of birth weight on cholesterol metabolism was
examined by dividing the offspring into those whose birth weight was
above (high) or below (low) the median birth weight. Plasma total
cholesterol concentrations prior to cholesterol feeding did not differ
with size at birth, but plasma total and LDL cholesterol were 31 and 34% higher, respectively, following cholesterol feeding in low- compared with high-birth weight males
(P < 0.02). The response to
cholesterol feeding in female offspring was not altered by variable
maternal nutrition or size at birth. Covariate analysis showed that the
effect of maternal undernutrition on adult cholesterol metabolism could
be partly accounted for by alterations in prenatal growth. In
conclusion, maternal undernutrition and small size at birth permanently
alter postnatal cholesterol homeostasis in the male guinea pig.
maternal undernutrition; pregnancy; birth weight; plasma cholesterol; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
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