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1 Laboratoire de Physiologie des Régulations Energétiques, Cellulaires et Moléculaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Faculté de Médecine, Université Claude Bernard, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5578, F-69373, Lyon, France; and 2 Instituto Boliviano de Biología de Altura, Embajada de Francia, Casilla 717, La Paz, Bolivia
The effect of
chronic hypoxia on gender differences in physiology and neurochemistry
of chemosensory pathways was studied in prepubertal and adult rats
living at sea level (SL; Lyon, France) or at high altitude (HA; La Paz,
Bolivia, 3,600 m). HA adult rats had higher hematocrit (Ht%), Hb
concentration, resting ventilatory rate (Ve100), and higher
tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in carotid bodies (CB) than SL
animals. At HA and SL, adult females had lower Ht% (46.0 ± 0.8 vs.
50.4 ± 0.6% at HA, P < 0.05 and 43.8 ± 0.9 vs. 47.1 ± 0.8% at SL, P < 0.05) and Hb (16.1 ± 0.3 vs. 17.7 ± 0.2 g/dl at HA, P < 0.05 and 14.5 ± 0.3 vs. 15.6 ± 0.1 g/dl at SL, P < 0.05) than males. Females had higher
Ve100 [170 ± 19 vs. 109 ± 7 ml · min
1 · 100 g1 at HA, P < 0.05 and 50 ± 3 vs. 40 ± 2 ml · min1 · 100 g1 at SL, not significant (NS)]
and lower CB-TH activity (1.40 ± 0.2 vs. 3.87 ± 0.6 pmol/20 min at
HA, P < 0.05 and 0.52 ± 0.1 vs. 0.68 ± 0.1 pmol/20 min at SL; NS) than males at HA only. The onset of hypoxic
ventilatory response during development was delayed at HA. Prepubertal
HA females had higher Ve100 than males (2 wk old, +47%)
and higher CB-TH activity (3 wk old, +51%). Medullary noradrenergic
groups were sex dimorphic during development at SL. Rats raised at HA
had a drop of TH activity between the second and the third postnatal
week in all medullary groups. In conclusion, our data support the
hypothesis that the CB is the major site for sexual differentiation of
the ventilatory control. Ventilatory differences appeared before
puberty, and the animals bred at HA had profound alterations in the
developmental process of the chemoreflex and its neural pathways. Some
of these alterations are under dependence of the sex of the animal, and
there is an important interaction between gender and the hypoxic
environmental condition during the developmental period.
development; carotid bodies; brain stem noradrenergic neurons
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