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1 Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend Center for Medical Education, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; and 2 Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
Hypoxic vasoconstriction
(HV) is an intrinsic response of mammalian pulmonary vascular smooth
muscle (VSM). In the present study, HV was examined by myography of
vessel rings from three primitive vertebrates: New Zealand hagfish
(NZH), Pacific hagfish (PH), and sea lamprey (SL). Hypoxia dilated
pre-gill arteries (ventral aorta, afferent branchial) from all species,
whereas it contracted systemic arteries [dorsal aorta (DA), efferent
branchial, celiacomesenteric]. DA HV was reproducible over several
days, and it could be sustained in NZH for 8 h without adverse
effects. Tension was proportional to PO2, and
half-maximal HV was obtained at PO2 (mmHg) of
4.7 ± 0.2 (NZH), 0.8 ± 0.1 (PH), and 10.7 ± 1.9 (SL).
HV did not require preconditioning (preexisting contractile stimulus)
and was unaffected by elevated extracellular potassium (200 mM NZH; 80 mM SL); removal of the endothelium (NZH); or inhibitors of
cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, cytochrome P-450 or
antagonists of 
-adrenergic, muscarinic, nicotinic, purinergic, or
serotoninergic receptors. These results show that HV is an intrinsic
feature of systemic VSM in cyclostomes and suggest that HV has been in the repertoire of VSM responses, since the origin of vertebrates. The
exceptionally hardy HV in cyclostome DA may provide a useful model with
which to examine both the phylogeny and mechanisms of this response.
vascular smooth muscle; hagfish; lamprey
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