HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (58) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Tidball, J. G. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Tidball, J. G.

INVITED REVIEW

Inflammatory processes in muscle injury and repair

Departments of Physiological Science and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California

Modified muscle use or injury can produce a stereotypic inflammatory response in which neutrophils rapidly invade, followed by macrophages. This inflammatory response coincides with muscle repair, regeneration, and growth, which involve activation and proliferation of satellite cells, followed by their terminal differentiation. Recent investigations have begun to explore the relationship between inflammatory cell functions and skeletal muscle injury and repair by using genetically modified animal models, antibody depletions of specific inflammatory cell populations, or expression profiling of inflamed muscle after injury. These studies have contributed to a complex picture in which inflammatory cells promote both injury and repair, through the combined actions of free radicals, growth factors, and chemokines. In this review, recent discoveries concerning the interactions between skeletal muscle and inflammatory cells are presented. New findings clearly show a role for neutrophils in promoting muscle damage soon after muscle injury or modified use. No direct evidence is yet available to show that neutrophils play a beneficial role in muscle repair or regeneration. Macrophages have also been shown capable of promoting muscle damage in vivo and in vitro through the release of free radicals, although other findings indicate that they may also play a role in muscle repair and regeneration through growth factors and cytokine-mediated signaling. However, this role for macrophages in muscle regeneration is still not definitive; other cells present in muscle can also produce the potentially regenerative factors, and it remains to be proven whether macrophage-derived factors are essential for muscle repair or regeneration in vivo. New evidence also shows that muscle cells can release positive and negative regulators of inflammatory cell invasion, and thereby play an active role in modulating the inflammatory process. In particular, muscle-derived nitric oxide can inhibit inflammatory cell invasion of healthy muscle and protect muscle from lysis by inflammatory cells in vivo and in vitro. On the other hand, muscle-derived cytokines can signal for inflammatory cell invasion, at least in vitro. The immediate challenge for advancing our current understanding of the relationships between muscle and inflammatory cells during muscle injury and repair is to place what has been learned in vitro into the complex and dynamic in vivo environment.

skeletal muscle; macrophage; neutrophil; muscle injury; muscle inflammation

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. J. Hubal, T. C. Chen, P. D. Thompson, and P. M. Clarkson Inflammatory gene changes associated with the repeated-bout effect Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 2008; 294(5): R1628 - R1637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y Yamamoto, S Nakaji, T Umeda, M Matsuzaka, I Takahashi, M Tanabe, K Danjo, A Kojima, and T Oyama Effects of long-term training on neutrophil function in male university judoists Br. J. Sports Med., April 1, 2008; 42(4): 255 - 259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. C. Lockhart and S. V. Brooks Neutrophil accumulation following passive stretches contributes to adaptations that reduce contraction-induced skeletal muscle injury in mice J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2008; 104(4): 1109 - 1115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A. Dennis, B. Przybyla, C. Gurley, P. M. Kortebein, P. Simpson, D. H. Sullivan, and C. A. Peterson Aging alters gene expression of growth and remodeling factors in human skeletal muscle both at rest and in response to acute resistance exercise Physiol Genomics, February 19, 2008; 32(3): 393 - 400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. P. Miles, J. M. Andring, S. D. Pearson, L. K. Gordon, C. Kasper, C. M. Depner, and J. R. Kidd Diurnal variation, response to eccentric exercise, and association of inflammatory mediators with muscle damage variables J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2008; 104(2): 451 - 458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Louis, U. Raue, Y. Yang, B. Jemiolo, and S. Trappe Time course of proteolytic, cytokine, and myostatin gene expression after acute exercise in human skeletal muscle J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2007; 103(5): 1744 - 1751. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. De Mori, S. Straino, A. Di Carlo, A. Mangoni, G. Pompilio, R. Palumbo, M. E. Bianchi, M. C. Capogrossi, and A. Germani Multiple Effects of High Mobility Group Box Protein 1 in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 2007; 27(11): 2377 - 2383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Deponti, S. Francois, S. Baesso, C. Sciorati, A. Innocenzi, V. Broccoli, F. Muscatelli, R. Meneveri, E. Clementi, G. Cossu, et al. Necdin mediates skeletal muscle regeneration by promoting myoblast survival and differentiation J. Cell Biol., October 22, 2007; 179(2): 305 - 319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Sun, K. Ma, H. Wang, F. Xiao, Y. Gao, W. Zhang, K. Wang, X. Gao, N. Ip, and Z. Wu JAK1 STAT1 STAT3, a key pathway promoting proliferation and preventing premature differentiation of myoblasts J. Cell Biol., October 8, 2007; 179(1): 129 - 138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Suelves, B. Vidal, A. L. Serrano, M. Tjwa, J. Roma, R. Lopez-Alemany, A. Luttun, M. M. de Lagran, M. A. Diaz, M. Jardi, et al. uPA deficiency exacerbates muscular dystrophy in MDX mice J. Cell Biol., September 7, 2007; 178(6): 1039 - 1051. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. Cooper, S. Radom-Aizik, C. Schwindt, and F. Zaldivar Jr. Dangerous exercise: lessons learned from dysregulated inflammatory responses to physical activity J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2007; 103(2): 700 - 709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Ochoa, D. Sun, S. M. Reyes-Reyna, L. L. Waite, J. E. Michalek, L. M. McManus, and P. K. Shireman Delayed angiogenesis and VEGF production in CCR2 / mice during impaired skeletal muscle regeneration Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2007; 293(2): R651 - R661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. A. Huey, G. E. McCall, H. Zhong, and R. R. Roy Modulation of HSP25 and TNF-{alpha} during the early stages of functional overload of a rat slow and fast muscle J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2007; 102(6): 2307 - 2314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. L. Stoick-Cooper, R. T. Moon, and G. Weidinger Advances in signaling in vertebrate regeneration as a prelude to regenerative medicine Genes & Dev., June 1, 2007; 21(11): 1292 - 1315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Sun, L. Li, C. Vercherat, N. T. Gulbagci, S. Acharjee, J. Li, T.-K. Chung, T. H. Thin, and R. Taneja Stra13 regulates satellite cell activation by antagonizing Notch signaling J. Cell Biol., May 21, 2007; 177(4): 647 - 657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. E. Morrison, R. J. Fraser, P. N. Smith, S. Mahalingam, and M. T. Heise Complement Contributes to Inflammatory Tissue Destruction in a Mouse Model of Ross River Virus-Induced Disease J. Virol., May 15, 2007; 81(10): 5132 - 5143. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Pelosi, C. Giacinti, C. Nardis, G. Borsellino, E. Rizzuto, C. Nicoletti, F. Wannenes, L. Battistini, N. Rosenthal, M. Molinaro, et al. Local expression of IGF-1 accelerates muscle regeneration by rapidly modulating inflammatory cytokines and chemokines FASEB J, May 1, 2007; 21(7): 1393 - 1402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.-E. Chen, B. Jin, and Y.-P. Li TNF-{alpha} regulates myogenesis and muscle regeneration by activating p38 MAPK Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, May 1, 2007; 292(5): C1660 - C1671. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. K. Trenerry, K. A. Carey, A. C. Ward, and D. Cameron-Smith STAT3 signaling is activated in human skeletal muscle following acute resistance exercise J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2007; 102(4): 1483 - 1489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. K. Shireman, V. Contreras-Shannon, O. Ochoa, B. P. Karia, J. E. Michalek, and L. M. McManus MCP-1 deficiency causes altered inflammation with impaired skeletal muscle regeneration J. Leukoc. Biol., March 1, 2007; 81(3): 775 - 785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Contreras-Shannon, O. Ochoa, S. M. Reyes-Reyna, D. Sun, J. E. Michalek, W. A. Kuziel, L. M. McManus, and P. K. Shireman Fat accumulation with altered inflammation and regeneration in skeletal muscle of CCR2-/- mice following ischemic injury Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, February 1, 2007; 292(2): C953 - C967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. McClung, J. M. Davis, and J. A. Carson Muscle: Ovarian hormone status and skeletal muscle inflammation during recovery from disuse in rats Exp Physiol, January 1, 2007; 92(1): 219 - 232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Homma, M. Iwasaki, G. D. Shelton, E. Engvall, J. C. Reed, and S. Takayama BAG3 Deficiency Results in Fulminant Myopathy and Early Lethality Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2006; 169(3): 761 - 773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Summan, G. L. Warren, R. R. Mercer, R. Chapman, T. Hulderman, N. Van Rooijen, and P. P. Simeonova Macrophages and skeletal muscle regeneration: a clodronate-containing liposome depletion study Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): R1488 - R1495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Tateno, T. Minamino, H. Toko, H. Akazawa, N. Shimizu, S. Takeda, T. Kunieda, H. Miyauchi, T. Oyama, K. Matsuura, et al. Critical Roles of Muscle-Secreted Angiogenic Factors in Therapeutic Neovascularization Circ. Res., May 12, 2006; 98(9): 1194 - 1202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. H. Miyabara, J. L. Martin, T. M. Griffin, A. S. Moriscot, and R. Mestril Overexpression of inducible 70-kDa heat shock protein in mouse attenuates skeletal muscle damage induced by cryolesioning Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): C1128 - C1138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. E. Morrison, A. C. Whitmore, R. S. Shabman, B. A. Lidbury, S. Mahalingam, and M. T. Heise Characterization of Ross River Virus Tropism and Virus-Induced Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Viral Arthritis and Myositis J. Virol., January 15, 2006; 80(2): 737 - 749. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. M. Dupouy, P. J. Ferre, E. Uro-Coste, and H. P. Lefebvre Time course of COX-1 and COX-2 expression during ischemia-reperfusion in rat skeletal muscle J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2006; 100(1): 233 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. A. Bryan, D. C. Mitchell, L. Zhao, W. Ma, L. J. Stafford, B.-B. Teng, and M. Liu Modulation of Muscle Regeneration, Myogenesis, and Adipogenesis by the Rho Family Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor GEFT Mol. Cell. Biol., December 15, 2005; 25(24): 11089 - 11101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. A. Mehl, J. M. Davis, F. G. Berger, and J. A. Carson Myofiber degeneration/regeneration is induced in the cachectic ApcMin/+ mouse J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2005; 99(6): 2379 - 2387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]