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APPETITE, OBESITY, DIGESTION, AND METABOLISM
B activation and IL-6 production and increases PPAR
2 expression in adipocytes
Department of Animal Sciences, Comparative Medicine Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
Submitted 14 June 2004 ; accepted in final form 15 December 2004
Obesity and insulin resistance are often associated with lower circulating adiponectin concentrations and elevated serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and/or tumor necrosis factor-
(TNF-). Adiponectin suppresses activation of nuclear factor-
B (NF-B) in aortic endothelial cells and porcine macrophages. Accordingly, we hypothesized that adiponectin is an anti-inflammatory hormone and suppresses activation of NF-B in adipocytes. Because peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 
2 (PPAR2) antagonizes the transcriptional activity of NF-B, we determined whether adiponectin alters PPAR2 expression in pig adipocytes. In addition, we determined whether interferon- alters the expression of PPAR2 in the presence or absence of adiponectin. Primary adipocytes from pig subcutaneous adipose tissue were treated with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 µg/ml) and adiponectin (30 µg/ml), and nuclear extracts were obtained for gel shift assays to assess nuclear localization of NF-B. Whereas LPS induced an increase in NF-B activation, adiponectin suppressed both NF-B activation and the induction of IL-6 expression by LPS (P < 0.05). Similar results were obtained in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, adiponectin antagonized LPS-induced increase in TNF- mRNA expression (P < 0.05) and tended (P < 0.065) to diminish its accumulation in the culture media in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Adiponectin also induced an upregulation of PPAR2 mRNA (P < 0.05). Although IFN- did not reduce the basal expression of PPAR2, it suppressed PPAR2 induction by adiponectin (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that adiponectin may be a local regulator of inflammation in the adipocyte and adipose tissue via its regulation of the NF-B and PPAR2 transcription factors.
adipocyte; pig; nuclear factor-B; interleukin-6; interferon-; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
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