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ENVIRONMENTAL, EXERCISE AND RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Determinants of blood oxygenation during pregnancy in Andean and European residents of high altitude

¹Instituto Boliviano de Biología de la Altura, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia; ²Genetics Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania; ³Altitude Research Center, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado; and ⁴Department of Health and Behavioral Sciences, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado

Submitted 16 November 2006 ; accepted in final form 2 July 2007

High altitude decreases birth weight, but this effect is diminished in long vs. short-resident, high-altitude populations. We asked whether women from long vs. short-resident, high-altitude populations had higher arterial oxygenation levels by comparing 42 Andean and 26 European residents of La Paz, Bolivia (3,600 m), serially during pregnancy (weeks 20, 30, and 36) and again 4 mo postpartum. Pregnancy raised hypoxic ventilatory sensitivity threefold, resting ventilation (E), and arterial O₂ saturation (Sa_O2) in both groups. Ancestry, as identified using 81 genetic markers, correlated with respiratory pattern, such that greater Andean ancestry was associated with higher respiratory frequency and lower tidal volume. Pregnancy increased total blood and plasma volume 40% in both groups without changing red blood cell mass relative to body weight; hence, hemoglobin fell. The hemoglobin decline was compensated for by the rise in E and Sa_O2 with the result that arterial O₂ content (Ca_O2) was maintained near nonpregnant levels in both groups. Birth weights were similar for all Andean and European babies, but after adjusting for variation in gestational age, maternal height and parity, Andeans weighed 209 g more than Europeans. Babies with heavier birth weights and greater ponderal indices were born to Andean women with higher E during pregnancy. We concluded that while maternal E and arterial oxygenation were important, some factor other than higher Ca_O2 was responsible for protecting Andeans from altitude-associated reductions in fetal growth.

hypoxia; ventilation; ventilatory control; infant birth weight; fetal growth; genetics of birth weight; human adaptation; respiratory pattern

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