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EXERCISE AND RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Mild endotoxemia, NF-B translocation, and cytokine increase during exertional heat stress in trained and untrained individuals

¹Defence Research and Development Canada-Toronto, Toronto; and ²Kinesiology and Health Science Graduate Programme, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Submitted 21 December 2007 ; accepted in final form 17 June 2008

This study examined endotoxin-mediated cytokinemia during exertional heat stress (EHS). Subjects were divided into trained [TR; n = 12, peak aerobic power (O_2peak) = 70 ± 2 ml·kg lean body mass^–1·min^–1] and untrained (UT; n = 11, O_2peak = 50 ± 1 ml·kg lean body mass^–1·min^–1) groups before walking at 4.5 km/h with 2% elevation in a climatic chamber (40°C, 30% relative humidity) wearing protective clothing until exhaustion (Exh). Venous blood samples at baseline and 0.5°C rectal temperature increments (38.0, 38.5, 39.0, 39.5, and 40.0°C/Exh) were analyzed for endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide binding protein, circulating cytokines, and intranuclear NF-B translocation. Baseline and Exh samples were also stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml) and cultured in vitro in a 37°C water bath for 30 min. Phenotypic determination of natural killer cell frequency was also determined. Enhanced blood (104 ± 6 vs. 84 ± 3 ml/kg) and plasma volumes (64 ± 4 vs. 51 ± 2 ml/kg) were observed in TR compared with UT subjects. EHS produced an increased concentration of circulating endotoxin in both TR (8 ± 2 pg/ml) and UT subjects (15 ± 3 pg/ml) (range: not detected to 32 pg/ml), corresponding with NF-B translocation and cytokine increases in both groups. In addition, circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor- and IL-6 were also elevated combined with concomitant increases in IL-1 receptor antagonist in both groups and IL-10 in TR subjects only. Findings suggest that the threshold for endotoxin leakage and inflammatory activation during EHS occurs at a lower temperature in UT compared with TR subjects and support the endotoxin translocation hypothesis of exertional heat stroke, linking endotoxin tolerance and heat tolerance.

splanchnic permeability; immune function; blood volume; cardiovascular/thermoregulatory strain; flow cytometry

This article has been cited by other articles:

				G. A. Selkirk, T. M. McLellan, H. E. Wright, and S. G. Rhind Expression of intracellular cytokines, HSP72, and apoptosis in monocyte subsets during exertional heat stress in trained and untrained individuals Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2009; 296(3): R575 - R586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]