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SLEEP AND BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS

Intermediate-duration day lengths unmask reproductive responses to nonphotic environmental cues

¹Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; and ²Department of Psychology, Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois

Submitted 24 December 2008 ; accepted in final form 12 February 2009

Many animals time their breeding to the seasons, using the changing day length to forecast those months when environmental conditions favor reproductive success; in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus), long summer days stimulate, whereas short winter days inhibit, reproductive physiology and behavior. Nonphotic environmental cues are also thought to influence the timing of breeding, but typically their effects on reproduction are minor and more variable under categorically long and short photoperiods. We hypothesized that the influence of nonphotic cues might be more prominent during intermediate photoperiods (early spring and late summer), when day length is an unreliable predictor of year-to-year fluctuations in food availability. In hamsters housed in an intermediate photoperiod (13.5 h light/day), two nonphotic seasonal cues, mild food restriction and same-sex social housing, induced gonadal regression, amplified photoperiod history-dependent reproductive responses to decreasing day lengths, and prevented pubertal development indefinitely. These cues were entirely without effect in hamsters maintained under a long photoperiod (16 h light/day). Thus intermediate photoperiods reveal a heightened responsiveness of the reproductive axis to nonphotic cues. This photoperiod-dependent efficacy of nonphotic cues may explain how animals integrate long-term photic and short-term nonphotic cues in nature: intermediate day lengths open a seasonal window of increased reproductive responsiveness to nonphotic cues at a time when such cues may be of singular relevance, thereby allowing for precise synchronization of the onset and offset of the breeding season to local conditions.

seasonality; food availability; social interaction