| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
1 Division of Surgical Sciences, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903; 2 Department of Internal Medicine and 3 Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands; and 4 Immunex Company, Seattle, Washington 98101
 |
ABSTRACT |
|---|
 Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion
References
|
|---|
To determine the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in endotoxin-induced changes in plasma thyroid hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations, 24 healthy postabsorptive humans were studied on a control study day (n = 6), after infusion of a recombinant TNF receptor IgG fusion protein (TNFR:Fc; 6 mg/m2; n = 6) after intravenous injection of endotoxin (2 ng/kg; n = 6), or after administration of endotoxin with TNFR:Fc (n = 6). Administration of TNFR:Fc alone did not affect thyroid hormone or TSH levels when compared with the control day. Endotoxin induced a transient rise in plasma TNF activity (1.5 h: 219 ± 42 pg/ml), which was completely prevented by TNFR:Fc (P < 0.05). After endotoxin administration, plasma L-thyroxine (T4), free T4, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), and TSH were lower and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine was higher than on the control day (all P < 0.05). Coinfusion of TNFR:Fc with endotoxin did not influence these endotoxin-induced changes. Our results suggest that endogenous TNF does not play an important role in the alterations in plasma thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations induced by mild endotoxemia in healthy humans.
lipopolysaccharide; cytokines; thyrotropin
| |
INTRODUCTION |
|---|
|
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion
References
|
|---|
THE EUTHYROID SICK SYNDROME is characterized by changes in thyroid hormone metabolism in patients with systemic nonthyroidal illness (NTI) who are clinically euthyroid (8, 34). Characteristically this syndrome involves a decrease in the serum concentrations of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and an increase in 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3). L-Thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels usually remain normal but can be decreased in severe NTI (8, 21, 35). Many systemic NTIs are associated with enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines, among which interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are the most potent (5, 39). Increased activity of these mediators has been implicated in the development of altered thyroid hormone metabolism in NTI.
Recently, we established a human model of the euthyroid sick syndrome (31). Intravenous administration of low-dose endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) to healthy subjects reproduced a number of changes in the plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones and TSH commonly seen in NTI, including reduced T4, T3, and TSH concentrations, and increased rT3 levels. We used this model to determine the role of IL-1 in LPS-induced changes in thyroid hormone metabolism by blocking endogenous IL-1 activity through treatment with recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist. It was found that IL-1 receptor blockade did not affect the alterations in thyroid hormone and TSH levels in low-grade endotoxemia, suggesting that IL-1 does not play a significant role in this LPS effect (33).
TNF can influence thyroid hormone metabolism at multiple levels (reviewed in Ref. 7). In rats, a single intravenous injection of TNF resulted in a decrease in TSH, T4, and T3 levels within 4 h (13). In healthy humans, intravenous administration of recombinant TNF resulted in decreases in T3 and TSH plasma concentrations and an increase in plasma rT3 levels (32). Endogenous TNF has been implicated as an important mediator of LPS-induced host responses (26, 29, 30). Therefore, we considered it of interest to determine the role of endogenous TNF activity in the changes in plasma thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations elicited by intravenous LPS in humans. For this purpose we performed a placebo-controlled study in healthy humans exposed to a single intravenous dose of LPS in conjunction with a (TNF neutralizing) recombinant dimeric TNF receptor IgG fusion protein (TNFR:Fc).
| |
MATERIALS AND METHODS |
|---|
|
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion
References
|
|---|
Study design. The present study was
performed simultaneously with an investigation examining the effect of
TNF neutralization on LPS-induced clinical, leukocyte, and cytokine
responses, of which the results have been reported in detail (27, 28).
Twenty-four adult male subjects, aged 27 ± 1 (mean ± SE) yr,
were admitted to the Adult Clinical Research Center after documentation
of good health by history, physical examination, and hematologic and
biochemical screening. The study was approved by the Institutional
Review Board, and written informed consent was obtained from all
subjects before enrollment in the study. Subjects were allowed no
intake of food from 10:00 PM on the night before the study until 12 h after endotoxin or placebo administration (9:00 PM). During this time
they had free access to water. Twelve subjects received an intravenous
injection with LPS [National Reference Endotoxin, Escherichia coli 0113 (lot EC-5),
generously provided by Dr. H. D. Hochstein, the Bureau of Biologics,
Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD] at a dose of 2 ng/kg
body wt at 9:00 AM. These 12 subjects were randomized to also receive a
30-min intravenous infusion (starting at 8:30 AM) with either a
recombinant dimeric TNF receptor (TNFR:Fc, Immunex, Seattle, WA) at a
dose of 6 mg/m2
(n = 6) or vehicle
(n = 6). The remaining 12 subjects
were not injected with endotoxin, but were randomized to receive a
30-min intravenous infusion of TNFR:Fc
(n = 6) or vehicle
(n = 6). TNFR:Fc was manufactured by
fusing two identical extracellular portions of the type II (p75) TNF
receptor with the Fc domain of IgG1 (9). The resulting dimeric TNF
receptor binds TNF with a 50-fold greater affinity (inhibition constant = 1010
M
1) than monomeric
receptor (9). TNFR:Fc was reconstituted with 1 ml of sterile water for
injection from a lyophilized powder containing (in mg) 10 TNFR:Fc, 1.2 Tris, 10 sucrose, and 40 mannitol. The final dose of TNFR:Fc (or
vehicle) was diluted in 100 ml of isotonic saline before infusion. Two
hours before the administration of LPS (or saline) a radial arterial
catheter was placed in all subjects to continuously monitor heart rate
and blood pressure (Datascope model 2000A, Datascope, Paramus, NJ) and
for blood sampling. Arterial blood was obtained at 8:30 AM (i.e.,
directly before the start of the infusion with TNFR:Fc or vehicle,
t = 
0.5 h); directly before the
injection of LPS or saline (t = 0 h);
and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 h thereafter.
Assays. The following assays were used: TSH (Delfia, Wallac, Turku, Finland), T4, T3, and rT3 by RIAs (36), and free T4 (Delfia). Coefficients of variation of these assays (intra-assay and interassay, respectively) are TSH (2-3% and 3-5%), T4 (3-6% and 4-7%), T3 (2-6% and 3-6%), rT3 (2-6% and 3-6%), and free T4 (4-7% and 7-9%).
Statistical analysis. Comparisions between different groups were performed exactly as described previously (33). All values are given as means ± SE. Primary data were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance (interaction between time and treatment). All listed P values are derived from this analysis (of primary data). For reasons of clarity, Figs. 1-3 show data as percentage deviation from baseline. These values were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance (interaction between time and treatment) after logarithmic transformation, which revealed similar results in terms of differences between treatment groups as found with the analysis of primary data. P < 0.05 was considered to represent a significant difference.
| |
RESULTS |
|---|
|
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion
References
|
|---|
Plasma TNF activity and clinical responses. Details of the in vivo neutralizing capacity of TNFR:Fc at the dose administered have been reported elsewhere (28). Infusion of TNFR:Fc effectively neutralized LPS-induced TNF activity. In subjects injected with LPS only, plasma TNF activity peaked after 1.5 h (219 ± 42 pg/ml; P < 0.05 versus time), whereas in subjects infused with LPS and TNFR:Fc TNF activity remained undetectable (P < 0.05 vs. LPS only). Furthermore, addition of 10 ng/ml recombinant TNF to plasma samples obtained from TNFR:Fc-treated subjects at 1.5 or 24 h after injection of LPS did not result in detectable TNF activity, indicating that the amount of TNFR:Fc administered offered an excess of TNF neutralizing capacity. LPS induced a febrile response that was significantly blunted by TNFR:Fc (28); peak temperatures were 38.2 ± 0.1°C (LPS only) and 37.7 ± 0.1°C (LPS with TNFR:Fc; P < 0.05). TNFR:Fc did not significantly influence flulike symptoms induced by LPS, including chills, headache, and nausea. In the groups that were not injected with LPS, TNF activity remained undetectable in plasma and no clinical signs or symptoms were registered.
Effect of TNFR:Fc only. Infusion of TNFR:Fc did not influence plasma thyroid hormone or TSH concentrations when compared with the sham day (Figs. 1-3).
T4 and free
T4. Figure
1 shows plasma concentrations of
T4 and free
T4. After
administration of LPS only, T4
levels showed inconsistent alterations, varying between 83 ± 2 and
87 ± 4 nmol/l, while they modestly increased on the sham study day
(P < 0.05 for the difference between
LPS only and sham). Infusion of TNFR:Fc before LPS injection did not
influence T4 levels
(P = 0.31 for the difference with LPS
only). However, T4 concentrations
in the LPS+TNFR:Fc group were different from those measured at the
control day (P < 0.05).
Administration of LPS only resulted in a decrease in free
T4 levels from 13.1 ± 0.8 to
11.9 ± 0.8 pmol/l after 12 h (percentage deviation from baseline:
8.7 ± 3.0; P < 0.05 for the difference with sham). Free T4
concentrations decreased similarly in both LPS-treated groups
(P = 0.80 for the difference between LPS only and LPS+TNFR:Fc).
|
Hence, when compared with the sham day, administration of LPS was associated with lower T4 and free T4 concentrations, which was not influenced by the concurrent infusion of TNFR:Fc.
T3 and
rT3. Figure
2 shows plasma concentrations of
T3 and
rT3. Injection of LPS only was
associated with a decrease in T3 concentrations when compared with the sham day (from 1.61 ± 0.04 to
1.33 ± 0.07 nmol/l after 12 h; percentage deviation from baseline: 17.4 ± 4.5; P < 0.05 for
the difference with sham). Infusion of LPS with TNFR:Fc also resulted
in a decrease in T3 levels when compared with the sham day (P < 0.05 for the difference with sham). The changes in
T3 levels found after injection of
LPS only and after administration of LPS with TNFR:Fc were similar
(P = 0.97). LPS induced an increase in
rT3 levels when compared with the
sham day (from 0.17 ± 0.01 to 0.30 ± 0.02 nmol/l after 12 h;
percentage deviation from baseline: +75.1 ± 6.1;
P < 0.05 for the difference with
sham). After infusion of LPS with TNFR:Fc
rT3 concentrations also increased
(P < 0.05 for the difference with
sham). The alterations in rT3
induced by LPS only were similar to those elicited by LPS with TNFR:Fc
(P = 0.63).
|
Thus compared with the sham study day, LPS administration resulted in a decrease in T3 levels and an increase in rT3 levels, changes that were not affected by infusion of TNFR:Fc.
TSH. Figure
3 shows plasma concentrations of TSH. LPS
administration was associated with a decrease in TSH levels when
compared with the sham day (from 1.92 ± 0.21 to 0.78 ± 0.09 mU/l after 8 h; percentage deviation from baseline: 59.5 ± 2.0; P < 0.05 for the difference
with sham). Infusion of LPS with TNFR:Fc also resulted in a decrease in
TSH levels (P < 0.05 for the
difference with sham). The alterations in TSH levels detected after LPS
only and after LPS with TNFR:Fc were similar
(P = 0.87).
|
Hence compared with the sham study day, LPS induced a decrease in TSH concentrations that was not affected by administration of TNFR:Fc.
| |
DISCUSSION |
|---|
|
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion
References
|
|---|
Administration of LPS to healthy subjects is a widely used model to study the human response to gram-negative infection (31). In an earlier study we demonstrated that intravenous injection of low-dose LPS reproduces a number of changes in thyroid hormone metabolism commonly seen in NTI (33). Because TNF can induce a euthyroid sick syndrome in various species, including humans (7, 11, 13, 32), we sought to determine the role of this proinflammatory cytokine in LPS-induced changes in thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations. It was found that neutralization of endogenous TNF activity by infusion of TNFR:Fc does not influence the alterations in thyroid hormone and TSH levels in low-grade endotoxemia. Thus our data suggest that TNF does not play a significant role in this human model of the euthyroid sick syndrome.
Thyroid hormone metabolism can be influenced by starvation and circadian variation (4, 23, 32), which may explain at least part of the changes observed during the control study periods. It is therefore important to determine changes in plasma thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations in a controlled setting. Although the observed changes after endotoxin administration were relatively small and sometimes in the same direction as those in the control study periods, we consider the registered alterations in the plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones and TSH to be a reflection of an endotoxin effect, because comparisons were made between study days that only differed with respect to endotoxin administration.
In vitro studies have indicated that TNF can affect thyroid function
directly. Normal human thyrocytes have been shown to possess specific
receptors for TNF (2). Rat FRTL-5 thyroid cells also
express TNF receptors, the number of which are regulated by TSH (12).
TNF can inhibit basal and TSH-stimulated
125I uptake by FRTL-5 cells, slow
the recovery of 125I trapping
after exposure of cells to TSH, and augment the loss of the
125I trapping function after
deprivation of cells of TSH (14). In addition, TNF can decrease
TSH-induced 5'-deiodinase activity in FRTL-5 cells, by which it
may interfere with the production of
T3 by the thyroid gland (10, 16,
17, 25). In cultures of human thyrocytes, TNF has been found to impair
TSH-induced 125I incorporation, to
inhibit thyroglobulin and cAMP production, to reduce de novo synthesis
of iodothyrosines and iodothyronines, to diminish the release of
T4 and
T3 into the culture medium, to
reduce the expression of the
Na+-I
symporter and
Na+-K+-ATPase,
which provides the Na+
electrochemical gradient driving iodide uptake (17, 18, 20, 22). Hence
TNF suppresses thyroid function in vitro by inhibiting both thyroid
hormone synthesis and secretion. TNF may also directly affect pituitary
cells by inhibiting thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated TSH secretion (15). Interestingly, human
thyroid epithelial cells are able to produce TNF in vivo, indicating
that this cytokine can have autocrine effects on thyroid function (37).
In rodents in vivo, the systemic administration of TNF reproduces the major features of the euthyroid sick syndrome (11, 13). In rats, decreases in serum TSH and T3 and T4 concentrations were associated with a reduced amount of TRH in the hypothalamus, decreased TSH mRNA in the pituitary, impaired 125I uptake, reduced TSH responsiveness at the level of the thyroid, and decreased 5'deiodinase activity in the liver (13), indicating that TNF can influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis at multiple levels. Similarly, in healthy humans a bolus intravenous injection of TNF induced decreased serum levels of TSH and T3 and increased serum concentrations of rT3 (32).
To our knowledge, our study is the first to establish the role of endogenous TNF in a model of the euthyroid sick syndrome. Infusion of TNFR:Fc at a dose of 6 mg/m2 effectively neutralized TNF activity produced in response to intravenous LPS. Recently, TNFR:Fc given at higher doses (10 and 60 mg/m2) was found to have a paradoxical effect on cytokine and stress hormone release during human endotoxemia, i.e., as the dose of TNFR:Fc increased, the degree of inhibition decreased (24). Because the lower TNFR:Fc dose used in the earlier volunteer study still provided a large excess of TNF neutralizing capacity (24), we chose to administer TNFR:Fc at 6 mg/m2. In both our and the previous investigation, TNF activity remained neutralized up to 24 h after LPS injection, thereby ruling out the occurrence of delayed and prolonged release of TNF activity from TNF-TNFR:Fc complexes, as has been reported in a model of murine sepsis (6). Furthermore, the administration of TNFR:Fc only (i.e., without LPS) was not associated with any inflammatory response, including changes in thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations (Ref. 28 and the present study).
We have shown previously that, similar to TNF, endogenous IL-1 activity
does not play a role of importance in the alterations in thyroid
hormone and TSH concentrations during human endotoxemia (33). Which
mediators do then cause these changes? A potential secondary mediator
is IL-6, which can be readily detected in the circulation after
administration of a low dose of LPS to normal humans (28, 31). Although
infusion of TNFR:Fc significantly reduced LPS-induced IL-6 secretion,
IL-6 release was not completely prevented (28). Intravenous infusion of
IL-6 to renal cancer patients caused a decrease in the plasma
concentrations of T3 and TSH and
an increase in rT3 levels (23).
Furthermore, in IL-6 gene-deficient mice the
low-T3 syndrome, induced by either endotoxin, Listeria monocytogenes
infection, or turpentine administration, was less marked than in normal
wild-type mice (1). Thus studies in humans in whom endogenously
produced IL-6 is neutralized completely are required to determine its
role in the altered thyroid hormone metabolism in human NTI. Another
cytokine that can induce a temporary euthyroid sick syndrome in humans
is interferon-
(3). It is at present unclear, however, if and to
what extent interferon- is produced during endotoxemia.
In conclusion, intravenous injection of LPS in healthy humans induced a transient increase in plasma TNF activity in association with alterations in plasma thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations that resemble the euthyroid sick syndrome. Although TNF effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis function have been documented extensively, neutralization of endogenous TNF activity had no influence on LPS-induced changes in thyroid hormone metabolism. Further studies are warranted to study the role of endogenous TNF in other experimental models of NTI, for example by using TNF gene-deficient mice. Nonetheless, the present data argue against a role of endogenous TNF in the euthyroid sick syndrome in at least some forms of NTI.
Perspectives
A wide variety of diseases can be associated with changes in the plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones and TSH. Because patients with these diseases clinically are euthyroid, this syndrome is generally referred to as the euthyroid sick syndrome. TNF- is a
proinflammatory protein of which the production is increased during
many different diseases. In vitro and animal studies have revealed that
TNF- can influence thyroid function at multiple levels. In addition,
TNF- injection in humans has been found to reproduce the major
characteristics of the euthyroid sick syndrome. In the present
investigation, we used a human model of systemic inflammation elicited
by intravenous injection of endotoxin to induce a euthyroid sick-like
syndrome in healthy subjects. Endotoxin not only induced changes in
plasma thyroid hormone levels, but also a transient rise in TNF-
concentrations. Neutralization of this endogenous TNF- did not
influence the altered thyroid hormone metabolism during endotoxemia.
Therefore, it appears that although TNF- can reproduce changes in
thyroid hormone and TSH levels found in "disease," endogenous
TNF- is not required for these changes. Hence, interference with
TNF- activity in clinical diseases will not necessarily modify the
euthyroid sick syndrome that can be associated with such diseases.
| |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
|---|
T. van der Poll is a fellow of the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences.
| |
FOOTNOTES |
|---|
This study was supported by National Institute of General Medical Sciences Grant GM-34695.
Present address and address for reprint requests: S. F. Lowry, Univ. of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Dept. of Surgery, One Robert Wood Johnson Place-CN19, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0019.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Received 20 July 1998; accepted in final form 1 October 1998.
| |
REFERENCES |
|---|
|
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion
References
|
|---|
1.
Boelen, A.,
M. A. W. Maas,
C. W. G. Lowik,
M. C. Platvoet,
and
W. M. Wiersinga.
Induced illness in interleukin-6 (IL-6) knock-out mice: a causal role of IL-6 in the development of the low 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine syndrome.
Endocrinology
137:
5250-5254,
1996[Abstract].
2.
Buscema, M.,
I. Todd,
U. Deuss,
L. Hammond,
R. Mirakian,
R. Pujol-Borrell,
and
G. F. Botazzo.
Influence of tumor necrosis factor- on the modulation by interferon-
of HLA class II molecules in human thyroid cells and its effect on interferon- binding.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
69:
433-439,
1989
3.
Corssmit, E. P. M.,
R. Heyligenberg,
E. Endert,
H. P. Sauerwein,
and
J. A. Romijn.
Acute effects of interferon- administration on thyroid hormone metabolism in healthy men.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
80:
3140-3144,
1995[Abstract].
4.
Danford, E.
Effects of fasting and altered nutrition on thyroid hormone metabolism in man.
In: Thyroid Hormone Metabolism, edited by G. Henneman. New York: Dekker, 1986, p. 335-358.
5.
Dinarello, C. A.
Biologic basis for interleukin-1 in disease.
Blood
87:
2095-2147,
1996
6.
Evans, T. J.,
D. Moyes,
A. Carpenter,
R. Martin,
H. Loetscher,
W. Lesslauer,
and
J. Cohen.
Protective effect of 55- but not 75-kD soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-immunoglobulin G fusion proteins in an animal model of Gram-negative sepsis.
J. Exp. Med.
180:
2173-2179,
1994
7.
Hershman, J. M.,
and
X. P. Pang.
Action of tumor necrosis factor- on thyroid cells.
Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc.
105:
131-143,
1993[Medline].
8.
Kaptein, E. M.
Thyroid hormone metabolism in illness.
In: Thyroid Hormone Metabolism, edited by G. Henneman. New York: Dekker, 1986, p. 297-333.
9.
Mohler, K. M.,
D. S. Torrance,
C. A. Smith,
R. G. Goodwin,
K. E. Stremler,
V. P. Fung,
H. Madani,
and
M. B. Widmer.
Soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors are effective therapeutic agents in lethal endotoxemia and function simultaneously as both TNF carriers and TNF antagonists.
J. Immunol.
151:
1548-1561,
1993[Abstract].
10.
Ongphiphadhanakul, B.,
S. L. Fang,
K. T. Tang,
N. A. Patwardhan,
and
L. E. Braverman.
Tumor necrosis factor- decreases thyrotropin-induced 5'-deiodinase activity in FRTL-5 thyroid cells.
Eur. J. Endocrinol.
130:
502-507,
1994
11.
Ozawa, M.,
K. Sato,
D. C. Han,
M. Kawakami,
O. Tsushima,
and
K. Shizume.
Effects of tumor necrosis factor-/cachectin on thyroid hormone metabolism in mice.
Endocrinology
123:
1461-1467,
1988
12.
Pang, X. P.,
J. M. Hershman,
M. Chung,
and
M. E. Pekary.
Characterization of tumor necrosis factor- receptors in human and rat thyroid cells and regulation of the receptors by thyrotropin.
Endocrinology
125:
1783-1788,
1989
13.
Pang, X. P.,
J. M. Hershman,
C. J. Mirell,
and
A. E. Pekary.
Impairment of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function in rats treated with human recombinant tumor necrosis factor- (cachectin).
Endocrinology
125:
76-84,
1989
14.
Pang, X. P.,
J. M. Hershman,
V. Smith,
A. E. Pekary,
and
M. Sugawara.
The mechanism of action of tumour necrosis factor- and interleukin-1 on FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells.
Acta Endocrinol.
123:
203-210,
1990.
15.
Pang, X. P.,
M. Yoshimura,
and
J. M. Hershman.
Suppression of rat thyrotroph and thyroid cell function by tumor necrosis factor-.
Thyroid
3:
325-330,
1993[Medline].
16.
Pekary, A. E.,
L. Berg,
F. Santini,
I. Chopra,
and
J. M. Hershman.
Cytokines modulate type I iodothyronine deiodinase mRNA levels and enzyme activity in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells.
Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.
101:
R31-R35,
1994[Medline].
17.
Pekary, A. E.,
I. Chopra,
L. Berg,
and
J. M. Hershman.
Sphingomyelinase and phospholipase A2 regulate type I deiodinase expression in FRTL-5 cells.
Thyroid
7:
647-654,
1997[Medline].
18.
Pekary, A. E.,
and
J. M. Hershman.
Tumor necrosis factor, ceramide, transforming growth factor-1, and aging reduce Na+/I-symporter messenger ribonucleic acid levels in FRT L-5 cells.
Endocrinology
139:
703-712,
1998
19.
Pekary, A. E.,
S. R. Levin,
D. G. Johnson,
L. Berg,
and
J. M. Hershman.
Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) and transforming growth factor-
1 (TGF-1) inhibit the expression and activity of Na+/K(+)-ATPase in FRLT-5 rat thyroid cells.
J. Interferon Cytokine Res.
17:
185-195,
1997[Medline].
20.
Rasmussen, A. K.,
L. Kayser,
U. Feldt-Rasmussen,
and
K. Bendtzen.
Influence of tumour necrosis factor-, tumour necrosis factor- and interferon-, separately and added together with interleukin-1, on the function of cultured human thyroid cells.
J. Endocrinol.
143:
359-365,
1994
21.
Romijn, J. A.,
and
W. M. Wiersinga.
Decreased nocturnal surge of thyrotropin in nonthyroidal illness.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
70:
35-42,
1990
22.
Sato, K.,
T. Satoh,
K. Shizume,
K. M. Ozawa,
D. C. Han,
H. Imamura,
T. Tsushima,
H. Demura,
Y. Kanaji,
Y. Ito,
T. Obara,
Y. Fujimoto,
and
Y. Kanaji.
Inhibition of 125I organification and thyroid hormone release by interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor and interferon- in human thyrocytes in suspension culture.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
70:
1735-1743,
1990
23.
Stouthard, J. M. L.,
T. van der Poll,
E. Endert,
P. J. M. Bakker,
C. H. N. Veenhof,
H. P. Sauerwein,
and
J. A. Romijn.
Effects of acute and chronic interleukin-6 administration on thyroid hormone metabolism in humans.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
79:
1342-1346,
1994[Abstract].
24.
Suffredini, A. F.,
D. Reda,
S. M. Banks,
M. Tropea,
J. M. Agosti,
and
R. Miller.
Effects of recombinant dimeric TNF receptor on human inflammatory responses following intravenous endotoxin administration.
J. Immunol.
155:
5038-5045,
1995[Abstract].
25.
Tang, K. T.,
L. E. Braverman,
and
W. J. De Vito.
Tumor necrosis factor- and interferon- modulate gene expression of type I 5'-deiodinase, thyroid peroxidase, and thyroglobulin in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells.
Endocrinology
136:
881-888,
1995[Abstract].
26.
Tracey, K. J.,
Y. Fong,
D. G. Hesse,
K. R. Manogue,
A. T. Lee,
G. C. Kuo,
S. F. Lowry,
and
A. Cerami.
Anti-cachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteraemia.
Nature
330:
662-664,
1987[Medline].
27.
Van der Poll, T.,
S. M. Coyle,
A. Kumar,
K. Barbosa,
J. Agosti,
and
S. F. Lowry.
Down-regulation of surface receptors for TNF and IL-1 on circulating monocytes and granulocytes during human endotoxemia. Effect of neutralization of endotoxin-induced TNF activity by infusion of a recombinant dimeric TNF receptor.
J. Immunol.
158:
1490-1497,
1997[Abstract].
28.
Van der Poll, T.,
S. M. Coyle,
M. Levi,
P. M. Jansen,
M. Dentener,
K. Barbosa,
W. A. Buurman,
C. E. Hack,
J. W. ten Cate,
J. M. Agosti,
and
S. F. Lowry.
Effect of a recombinant dimeric tumor necrosis factor receptor on inflammatory responses to intravenous endotoxin in normal humans.
Blood
89:
3727-3734,
1997
29.
Van der Poll, T.,
M. Levi,
S. J. H. van Deventer,
H. ten Cate,
B. L. Haagmans,
B. J. Biemond,
H. R. Büller,
C. E. Hack,
and
J. W. ten Cate.
Differential effects of anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibodies on systemic inflammatory responses in experimental endotoxemia in chimpanzees.
Blood
83:
446-451,
1994
30.
Van der Poll, T.,
and
S. F. Lowry.
Tumor necrosis factor in sepsis: mediator of multiple organ failure or essential part of host defense?
Shock
3:
1-12,
1995[Medline].
31.
Van der Poll, T.,
and
S. F. Lowry.
Biological responses to endotoxin in humans.
In: Modulation of the Inflammatory Response in Severe Sepsis, edited by J. M. Tellado,
R. A. Forse,
and J. S. Solomkin. Basel, Switzerland: Karger, 1995, p. 18-32.
32.
Van der Poll, T.,
J. A. Romijn,
W. M. Wiersinga,
and
H. P. Sauerwein.
Tumor necrosis factor: a putative mediator of the sick euthyroid syndrome in man.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
71:
1567-1572,
1990
33.
Van der Poll, T.,
K. J. van Zee,
E. Endert,
S. M. Coyle,
D. M. Stiles,
J. P. Pribble,
M. A. Catalano,
L. L. Moldawer,
and
S. F. Lowry.
Interleukin-1 receptor blockade does not affect endotoxin-induced changes in plasma thyroid hormone and thyrotropin concentrations in man.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
80:
1341-1346,
1995[Abstract].
34.
Wartofsky, L.,
and
K. D. Burman.
Alterations in thyroid function in patients with systemic illness: the "euthyroid sick syndrome."
Endocr. Rev.
3:
164-217,
1982
35.
Wehmann, R. E.,
R. I. Gregerman,
W. H. Burns,
R. Saral,
and
G. W. Santos.
Suppression of thyrotropin in the low-thyroxine state of severe nonthyroidal illness.
N. Engl. J. Med.
312:
546-552,
1985[Abstract].
36.
Wiersinga, W. M.,
and
I. J. Chopra.
Radioimmunoassays of thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'- triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3), and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2).
Methods Enzymol.
84:
272-303,
1982[Medline].
37.
Zheng, R. Q. H.,
E. R. Abney,
C. Q. Chu,
M. Field,
R. N. Maini,
and
J. R. Lamb.
Detection of in vivo production of tumour necrosis factor- by human thyroid epithelial cells.
Immunology
75:
456-462,
1992[Medline].
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  D. L. Chen, D. B. Rosenbluth, M. A. Mintun, and D. P. Schuster FDG-PET imaging of pulmonary inflammation in healthy volunteers after airway instillation of endotoxin J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2006; 100(5): 1602 - 1609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Visit Other APS Journals Online |
), recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor IgG fusion
protein (TNFR:Fc) alone (
), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone (
),
and both LPS and TNFR:Fc (
). In comparison with the sham day,
T4 and free
T4 levels were lower after
injection of LPS (P < 0.05). These
LPS effects were not influenced by coinfusion of TNFR:Fc.
