| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
 |
ABSTRACT |
|---|
 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
|
|---|
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether burn-induced changes in various components of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system are mediated by the actions of endogenous glucocorticoids or tumor necrosis factor (TNF). To address this aim, a 30% total body surface area full-thickness scald burn was produced in anesthetized rats, and the animals were studied 24 h later. Separate groups of time-matched control and burned rats were pretreated with either an antagonist to glucocorticoids (RU-486) or to TNF (TNF-binding protein; TNFBP). Thermal injury decreased the plasma concentration of IGF-I (38%) as well as the IGF-I mRNA abundance in muscle and kidney (31 and 48%, respectively). While RU-486 prevented the burn-induced decrease in plasma IGF-I, it did not ameliorate the reduction in tissue IGF-I mRNA. Burn increased the plasma concentration of IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1 as well as the mRNA content of IGFBP-1 in liver and kidney (15- to 20-fold). These burn-induced increases were partially or largely prevented by RU-486. In contrast, burn decreased the plasma concentration of IGFBP-3 (30%). Burn concomitantly decreased hepatic IGFBP-3 mRNA abundance (42%) but increased IGFBP-3 mRNA in kidney and muscle (50% and 10-fold, respectively). RU-486 largely prevented the burn-induced changes in IGFBP-3 mRNA in kidney and muscle but failed to attenuate the decreases in plasma and liver. Finally, burn injury decreased hepatic acid-labile subunit (ALS) mRNA by 80% and increased the mRNA content of IGFBP-related protein-1 (mac25) in liver by twofold, and these changes were not modified by pretreatment with RU-486. The above-mentioned changes in the IGF system were associated with a burn-induced decrease in muscle protein content that was prevented by RU-486. TNFBP failed to completely ameliorate any of the burn-induced changes in the IGF system. These results demonstrate that glucocorticoids, but not TNF, mediate many but not all of the burn-induced changes in the IGF system.
insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins 1 and 3; acid-labile subunit; mac25; muscle protein; RU-486; tumor necrosis factor-binding protein; rats
| |
INTRODUCTION |
|---|
|
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
|
|---|
ONE OF THE METABOLIC HALLMARKS of burn injury is the prolonged hypermetabolism and the resulting erosion of lean body mass (LBM) (44). Our laboratory and others have previously demonstrated that burn decreases the plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, an important anabolic hormone (1, 26, 28, 35). Furthermore, burn also decreases the IGF-I mRNA and peptide content in skeletal muscle per se (28, 29). This latter finding is particularly relevant because IGF-I has the potential to regulate protein balance and the accretion of LBM via paracrine/autocrine mechanisms (16, 41). In this regard, decreased levels of IGF-I in muscle are positively correlated with decreases in muscle protein synthesis in other catabolic conditions (25, 27).
The bioavailability and bioactivity of IGF-I can also be modulated by changes in one of the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) present in the blood and body fluid compartments (38). Previous studies demonstrate that burn injury decreases the circulating concentration of IGFBP-3 and the acid-labile subunit (ALS) (28). Collectively, these decreases impair the formation of the IGF-I · IGFBP-3 · ALS ternary complex that functions as a storage reservoir for IGF-I (38). In contrast, burn injury markedly increases plasma IGFBP-1 concentrations (17, 26, 28). Elevations in IGFBP-1 have been demonstrated to impair IGF-I-mediated increases in glucose uptake and protein synthesis by skeletal muscle (15, 39).
The physiological regulators of the burn-induced changes in the IGF
system have not been identified. However, previous studies have
demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-
and glucocorticoids play a pivotal role in modulating numerous elements of the IGF system
(8, 32) and that their concentration in blood and/or tissues is increased by burn (22, 26, 28, 29).
Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine whether
these two mediators are responsible for the changes in IGF-I and IGFBPs observed in blood and tissues in response to thermal injury.
| |
MATERIALS AND METHODS |
|---|
|
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
|
|---|
Animal preparation and experimental protocol. Adult specific pathogen-free male Sprague-Dawley rats (285-310 g; Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Cambridge, MA) were housed at a constant temperature, exposed to a 12:12-h light-dark cycle, and maintained on standard rodent chow and water ad libitum for at least 1 wk before experiments were performed. All experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee at the Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine and adhered to the National Institutes of Health guidelines for the use of experimental animals.
On the day of the experiment, rats were deeply anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of ketamine and xylazine (100 and 10 mg/kg, respectively). The hair on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the animal was clipped, and animals were secured in an insulated template that exposed only the area of skin to be injured (19). For the burn group, the skin exposed through the template was immersed in 98°C water for 12 s on the dorsal surface and 7 s on the ventral surface. This technique produces a full-thickness scald injury with complete destruction of the underlying neural tissue. The scald injury covered ~30% of the total body surface area (TBSA) and was nonlethal during the 24-h experimental protocol. Rats were dried and then resuscitated with an intraperitoneal injection of lactated Ringer solution (2 ml · kg
1 · %body surface
area burn1). Control rats were treated the same as those
in the burn group, except they were immersed in 25°C water. All rats
were injected subcutaneously with the analgesic buprenorphine (0.2 mg/kg) immediately after sham or burn injury. Rats were housed in
individual cages and food deprived for the remainder of the
experimental protocol. Blood and tissues were sampled ~24 h after the
burn because previous studies indicated severe alterations in muscle
protein balance and various components of the IGF system at this time
(11, 13, 28, 29).
Preliminary studies indicated that plasma TNF- concentrations
determined by ELISA (Biosource, Camarillo, CA) were significantly (P < 0.05) increased at 4 h (68 ± 21 pg/ml)
but not at 24 h (below detection limit; <15 pg/ml) compared with
values from control rats (<15 pg/ml; n = 5 per group).
In contrast, plasma corticosterone concentrations were significantly
(P < 0.01) elevated at both 4 and 24 h postburn
(414 ± 63 and 372 ± 42 ng/ml, respectively) compared with
time-matched control values (241 ± 25 and 143 ± 17 ng/ml,
respectively). In addition, we previously demonstrated that the plasma
insulin concentration is increased 2.2-fold in burn rats at the 24-h
time point compared with values from control rats (28).
The hemodynamic status of burn rats was not assessed in the present
investigation. Previous studies indicate burn injury produces a
transient increase in hematocrit (indicative of fluid extravasation) as
well as an early decrease in cardiac output and arterial blood pressure
despite standard fluid resuscitation (3, 20, 24). However,
by 18-24 h postburn, rats appear hemodynamically stable (3,
24). Therefore, any changes observed in the IGF system are not
likely the result of an overt impairment in hemodynamics at the time of
death but may have been precipitated by the early transient episode of
hypovolemic shock.
To determine the role of endogenously produced TNF-, separate groups
of burn and control rats were injected subcutaneously with TNF-binding
protein (TNFBP; 1 mg/kg, 1 ml/rat; Amgen, Boulder, CO), an antagonist
of TNF- action, 4 h before injury. TNFBP is a dimeric,
polyethylene glycol-linked form of the human p55 soluble TNF receptor
(7). The dose and timing of the synthetic TNF antagonist
are based on data demonstrating its ability to prevent the
sepsis-induced loss of muscle mass (4). Additional studies were performed to determine the role of glucocorticoids in modulating burn-induced changes in the IGF system. Control and burn rats were
injected subcutaneously with saline or the glucocorticoid receptor
antagonist RU-486 (20 mg/kg, Mifepristone; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) 30 min
before burn or sham injury. RU-486 is an antiprogestin with
antiglucocorticoid properties. RU-486 has a high affinity for cytosolic
type II glucocorticoid receptors in various target tissues and exhibits
little agonist activity (34). The dose of RU-486 used in
the present study attenuates glucocorticoid-induced increases in muscle
catabolism and ameliorates endotoxin- or cytokine-induced changes in
the IGF system (10, 32, 45).
Approximately 24 h after burn injury, rats were anesthetized by an
intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (60 mg/kg), and a
blood sample (1-2 ml) was collected into heparinized syringes from
the abdominal aorta. Selected tissues were excised for the analysis of
mRNA content of IGF-I and various IGFBPs. The tissues removed included
the gastrocnemius, kidney, and liver (left lateral lobe). Tissues were
frozen between liquid nitrogen-cooled aluminum blocks. All plasma and
tissue samples were stored at 
70°C. A portion of fresh muscle was
weighed before and after drying at 110°C to determine dry muscle
weight. Muscle protein content was calculated as the product of the
weight of the entire gastrocnemius muscle (g) and the muscle protein
concentration (mg protein per g dry weight of muscle).
TNFBP efficacy.
Based on the results from the above-mentioned studies, we believed it
was necessary to assess the efficacy of TNFBP to prevent TNF-mediated
changes in the IGF system. Therefore, a separate group of rats had a
catheter surgically implanted in the jugular vein. The catheter was
passed through a tightly coiled stainless steel spring and fixed to a
freely rotating swivel (Instech, Plymouth, PA) (8). The
infusion assembly permitted the overnight infusion of TNF- that was
begun as soon as the animals regained consciousness. Three groups of
rats were included: control rats infused with an equal volume (0.35 ml/h) of vehicle (0.2% BSA in 0.9% saline), rats infused
intravenously with a nonlethal dose of recombinant human TNF (Amgen,
Thousand Oaks, CA; 1 µg · kg1 · h1), and rats
pretreated with TNFBP (1 mg/kg) 4 h before the start of TNF-.
At the conclusion of the 24-h protocol, rats were anesthetized and
blood and tissues were collected, as described for the other studies.
Analytic procedures. The plasma concentration of total IGF-I was determined using a modified acid-ethanol (0.25 N HCl-87.5% ethanol) procedure with cyroprecipitation followed by radioimmunoassay analysis (8, 25, 28).
Total RNA was isolated using TRI Reagent TR-118 (Molecular Research Center, Cincinnati, OH). Samples (20-100 µg) of total RNA were run under denaturing conditions in 1% agarose-6% formaldehyde gels, and Northern blotting occurred via capillary transfer to Zeta-Probe GT blotting membranes (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). An 800-bp probe from rat IGF-I (P. Rotwein; St. Louis, MO), a 551-bp probe from rat IGF-II (H. Whitfield; Chicago, IL), a 407-bp probe from IGFBP-1, a 699-bp probe from IGFBP-3 (S. Shimisaki; San Diego, CA), and a 1-kb probe from mouse mac25 (M. Kato; Kyoto, Japan) were labeled using a random primed DNA labeling kit (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, IN). To probe for rat ALS, a 36-mer oligonucleotide was constructed. The complement of the second exon position 3843-3878 (5'-GAC GCT TCG GAG TGC GTT CCT GCT CAG ATC CAG CTC-3') was the sequence chosen for the oligonucleotide. A rat 18S oligonucleotide was used for normalization of RNA loading. Each oligonucleotide was radioactively end-labeled using T4 polynucleotide kinase (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ). Membranes were hybridized and washed exactly as previously described (28, 29). Membranes were exposed to a phosphorimager screen, and the resultant data were analyzed using ImageQuant software (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA). Data for all probes were normalized to the level of 18S rRNA. Relative mRNA abundance was expressed as the ratio between the particular mRNA and 18S mRNA. This ratio was arbitrarily set at 1.0 for tissues from control (untreated) animals. IGFBP-1 and ALS content in plasma was determined by Western blot analysis. Plasma samples were separated on 12.5% SDS-PAGE gels under nonreducing conditions (28). Antigen-antibody complexes were identified with goat anti-rabbit IgG tagged with horseradish peroxidase (Sigma) and the enhanced chemiluminescence detection system (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL). The IGFBP-3 concentration in plasma was determined by Western ligand blot analysis using 125I-IGF-I, as previously described (8, 25, 28, 32). Samples were subjected to SDS-PAGE without reduction of disulfide bonds. Nitrocellulose sheets were exposed to X-ray film (Kodak X-Omat AR; Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY) and intensifying screens (DuPont, Wilmington, DE). The resulting bands were scanned (Microtek ScanMaker IV) and analyzed using NIH Image 1.6 software. Samples from all experimental groups were electrophoresed on the same gel; data are expressed as a percentage of the control value.Statistics.
Data were obtained from three separate experimental series each
containing control and burn rats. For each study, rats were randomly
assigned to either the control or experimental group. Values are
presented as means ± SE. The number of rats per group is
indicated in the legends to Figs. 1-9. Data were analyzed by ANOVA
followed by Student-Newman-Keuls to determine treatment effect. When
heterogeneity of variance was detected, data were transformed to
logarithmic values before statistical analysis (Instat, San Diego, CA).
Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
RESULTS |
|---|
|
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
|
|---|
Plasma concentrations of IGF system components. Twenty-four hours after thermal injury, the circulating concentration of IGF-I was decreased 38% (Fig. 1). Pretreating rats with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU-486 completely prevented the burn-induced decrease in IGF-I. In contrast, treatment of rats with TNFBP was largely ineffective at maintaining the plasma IGF-I concentration.
Figure 2, top, illustrates that, compared with control values (32 ± 5 AU), plasma IGFBP-1 was increased 19-fold after burn (598 ± 77 AU; P < 0.05). This increase was not significantly attenuated by TNFBP (417 ± 68 AU) but largely prevented by RU-486 (121 ± 25 AU; P < 0.05 compared with burn and control values). Ligand blot analysis demonstrated an ~35% decrease in IGFBP-3 levels in burn rats (256 ± 31 AU) compared with values from control animals (348 ± 27 AU; P < 0.05 compared with burn values), and this reduction was not significantly altered by either TNFBP or RU-486 (211 ± 32 and 253 ± 27 AU, respectively) (Fig. 2, middle). Similarly, burn also decreased the plasma concentration of ALS by ~30% (control = 531 ± 29 AU vs. burn = 377 ± 41 AU; P < 0.05), and this decrease was still present in rats pretreated with either TNFBP or RU-486 (359 ± 42 and 388 ± 47 AU, respectively) (Fig. 2, bottom).Tissue IGF-I and IGFBP mRNA abundance. Northern blot analysis revealed that 24 h after thermal injury, there was an ~50% increase in the 7.5-kb IGF-I mRNA transcript in liver (Fig. 3). Other IGF-I mRNA transcripts of lesser abundance (e.g., 1.7 kb and 0.9-1.2 kb) demonstrated qualitatively similar changes (data not shown). RU-486 prevented the burn-induced increase in hepatic IGF-I mRNA, while TNFBP partially ameliorated the response. In contrast to liver, muscle (gastrocnemius) and whole kidney demonstrated a significant reduction in IGF-I mRNA after burn (31 and 48%, respectively). The reduction in both tissues was unaffected by pretreatment with either TNFBP or RU-486.
The abundance of IGF-II mRNA was also determined in gastrocnemius but was not altered by thermal injury (control = 1.0 ± 0.07 AU vs. burn = 1.05 ± 0.11 AU; P = NS). IGFBP-1 mRNA abundance was increased 15-fold in liver and 25-fold in kidney (Fig. 4). Administration of RU-486 reduced the burn-induced increase in IGFBP-1 mRNA content by 45-65% in both tissues, whereas pretreatment with TNFBP resulted in no statistically significant changes. IGFBP-1 mRNA was not detected in muscle by Northern blot analysis. Hepatic IGFBP-3 mRNA content was decreased 42% after burn injury, and this reduction was not prevented by either TNFBP or RU-486 (Fig. 5). In contradistinction to liver, burn increased IGFBP-3 mRNA in kidney (53%) and skeletal muscle (~10-fold). RU-486 completely prevented the burn-induced increase in IGFBP-3 mRNA in kidney and reduced the increase in muscle by ~85%. The TNF antagonist partially ameliorated the burn-induced increase in IGFBP-3 mRNA in kidney but did not attenuate the increase observed in muscle. Thermal injury decreased ALS mRNA abundance in liver by ~80%, and neither TNFBP nor RU-486 prevented this decline (Fig. 6). No burn- or drug-induced changes in ALS mRNA were observed in kidney (data not shown), and ALS mRNA was not detected in muscle. The expression of IGFBP-related protein-1 (IGFBP-rP1), also termed mac25 or IGFBP-7, was increased twofold in liver in response to thermal injury (Fig. 7). Neither RU-486 nor TNFBP prevented the burn-induced increase in IGFBP-rP1. No burn- or drug-induced changes in IGFBP-rP1 were observed in either skeletal muscle or kidney (data not shown).Muscle protein content. Because changes in the IGF system may impact on muscle protein balance, the protein content (mg protein/muscle) of the gastrocnemius muscle was assessed. Muscle protein content was significantly decreased 8.5% 24 h after thermal injury (Fig. 8). Whereas a similar decrement in protein content was seen in burn rats administered TNFBP, pretreatment with RU-486 completely prevented the loss of muscle protein.
Efficacy of TNFBP.
As described above, the dose of TNFBP used in this study was selected
based on its reported ability to prevent the decrease in muscle protein
synthesis induced by bacterial infection (4). However,
based on the generalized inability of this drug to antagonize the
burn-induced changes in the IGF system in the current study, we
performed a limited "positive-control" study designed to verify the
efficacy of TNF blockade on a restricted number of IGF system components. Figure 9 shows that infusion
of TNF- for 24 h into naive control animals decreased the
plasma IGF-I concentration, decreased the muscle content of IGF-I mRNA,
and increased the hepatic abundance of IGFBP-1 mRNA. Additionally,
these data indicate that the same dosing regimen that failed to prevent
IGF changes in burned rats was effective at preventing the changes
induced by the TNF- infusion. Therefore, it appears that the failure of TNFBP to prevent burn-induced changes in the IGF system is not the
result of insufficient drug availability or bioactivity.
| |
DISCUSSION |
|---|
|
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
|
|---|
Alterations in various components of the IGF system are a
well-recognized characteristic of the hormonal response to thermal injury (14); however, the etiology of these changes has
not been elucidated. Burn has been reported either to increase the circulating concentration of TNF- or to increase the tissue
expression of this cytokine (2, 20). Our preliminary data
confirm a transient increase in the plasma TNF- concentration after
burn. Previous studies have also demonstrated that intravenous infusion of TNF- into naive control animals produces many alterations that
are comparable to those observed after burn injury (Refs. 8 and 9 and present data). Moreover,
antagonizing the actions of TNF with a neutralizing antibody prevents
or clearly attenuates many of the changes in IGF-I and IGFBPs produced
in response to intravenously administered E. coli endotoxin
or zymosan-induced peritonitis (8, 9). Collectively, these
findings formed the scientific rationale for treating animals with
TNFBP in the present study. Our data indicate that TNFBP was unable to
completely prevent any of the burn-induced changes in the IGF system.
TNFBP did modestly attenuate the decrease in plasma IGF-I and the
increase in plasma IGFBP-1 concentrations as well as the increase in
hepatic IGF-I mRNA and the decrease in kidney IGFBP-3 mRNA
abundance. However, the lack of consistent and striking changes between
TNFBP-treated and vehicle-treated burn rats suggests that endogenously
produced TNF- is a relatively minor modulator of the IGF system
after thermal injury. Furthermore, TNFBP was also unable to prevent the
burn-induced decrease in muscle protein content, suggesting that
endogenous TNF- is not a primary mediator for the observed muscle
atrophy. This response differs considerably from that seen in septic
rats, where the decrease in muscle protein synthesis and muscle wasting
was prevented by chemical inhibitors of TNF- production
(23). Taken together, these data imply that thermal injury
and sepsis produce changes in the IGF system and muscle protein balance
by different mechanisms.
Burn injury also causes a rapid and sustained elevation in circulating levels of corticosterone in rats and of cortisol in humans (26, 28, 29). Furthermore, glucocorticoids are known to alter numerous elements of the IGF system (31, 33, 42). It is noteworthy that injection of RU-486 before burn prevented the reduction in the plasma concentration of IGF-I, and this change was associated with the maintenance of muscle protein content. These data complement previous studies demonstrating that exogenous administration of IGF-I to rats reversed burn-induced changes in muscle protein synthesis and degradation (12) and that administration of an IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex to severely burned humans improves leg muscle protein balance (5). Other types of catabolic illness are also characterized by a decrease in circulating IGF-I that is temporally associated with a reduction in hepatic IGF-I mRNA (8, 10, 25, 27). However, in the present study, hepatic IGF-I mRNA abundance actually increased after thermal injury. Previously, we demonstrated that despite the increase in IGF-I mRNA, there was a corresponding decrease in the IGF-I peptide content of liver from burned rats (28). This dichotomy suggests that in the liver, glucocorticoids downregulate the translation of IGF-I mRNA or that the stability of the IGF-I peptide is decreased during glucocorticoid excess. In contrast to blood and liver, RU-486 was unable to prevent the burn-induced decrease in IGF-I mRNA content in either muscle or kidney.
An increase in circulating IGFBP-1 is observed in many catabolic and inflammatory states, including human immunodeficiency virus infection, alcohol abuse, sepsis, endotoxemia, and cytokine administration (8, 10, 14, 25, 27). Elevations in IGFBP-1 impair whole body glucose disposal and protein synthesis in myocytes (15, 39), and therefore the physiological regulators of this particular binding protein are of considerable clinical relevance. The liver and kidney are the two organs in male rats that have the highest mRNA abundance for IGFBP-1 (30). In this regard, IGFBP-1 mRNA content was increased 15- to 25-fold in these two organs after burn injury. The burn-induced increase in IGFBP-1 appears to be largely, but not completely, mediated by glucocorticoids. Our data demonstrate that RU-486 dramatically attenuates the increase in plasma IGFBP-1 in burned rats, and this change was associated with a concomitant reduction in the abundance of IGFBP-1 mRNA in both liver and kidney. Similarly, increases in circulating IGFBP-1 induced by hypoglycemia or diabetes also appear to have a glucocorticoid-dependent component (31, 42). These data are consistent with previous studies in which in vivo injection of dexamethasone increased both hepatic synthesis and the plasma concentration of IGFBP-1 (33). Because RU-486 failed to completely prevent the burn-induced increases in either plasma or tissue IGFBP-1, other factor(s) must also be involved. Under nonstress conditions, the plasma concentration and hepatic synthesis of IGFBP-1 are inversely proportional to the prevailing plasma insulin concentration (30). However, this mechanism does not appear operational in burned rats because plasma insulin concentrations are reported to be slightly increased in response to thermal injury (28).
The majority of IGF-I in the blood is carried as part of a ternary complex, consisting of the ligand, IGFBP-3, and ALS (39). Because of its large molecular weight (150 kDa), the complex is compartmentalized to blood and may function as a reservoir for IGF-I. We previously demonstrated that burn decreases the plasma IGFBP-3 concentration in rats and humans (26, 28). The liver is a major contributor to the blood-borne IGFBP-3, but other tissues may also be important in the homeostasis of this binding protein (39). Although IGFBP-3 synthesis is considered growth hormone (GH) dependent, relatively little is known regarding its regulation during stress conditions. In the present study, burn injury produced discordant changes in tissue IGFBP-3 mRNA abundance. Hepatic IGFBP-3 mRNA content was clearly reduced by burn, whereas expression was moderately increased in kidney (~50%) and markedly increased in skeletal muscle (~10-fold). Furthermore, the burn-induced increase in IGFBP-3 mRNA in the latter two tissues was largely prevented by RU-486, while this drug failed to ameliorate the decrease in hepatic IGFBP-3 mRNA content. These data indicate a tissue-specific regulation of IGFBP-3 synthesis by an as yet unknown mechanism and support the concept that liver is the primary site of production of circulating IGFBP-3.
Formation of the ternary complex is dependent on adequate synthesis of ALS. Burn injury markedly decreased both the plasma concentration and hepatic mRNA content for ALS. The amount of ALS in the blood is primarily determined by GH-dependent transcriptional activation of the ALS gene within the liver (37). As such, decreases in the plasma GH concentration or the presence of GH resistance are likely mediators (6). Ogle et al. (36) recently reported that thermal injury increases the hepatic content of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3, which has been reported to antagonize GH action in this tissue. The presence of hepatic GH resistance would also be consistent with the burn-induced decrease in hepatic IGFBP-3 mRNA. Pretreatment with RU-486 failed to prevent the burn-induced decrease in ALS in plasma and liver, and hence this response like that of IGFBP-3 in blood and liver appears to be relatively independent of the actions of glucocorticoids. Finally, ALS mRNA content in kidney was not altered by burn. These data suggest that renal and hepatic ALS synthesis may be regulated differently and that the burn-induced decrease in ALS is primarily the result of changes occurring within the liver.
There are several newly discovered proteins that have a relatively low
sequence homology and a reduced binding affinity for IGF-I compared
with the six traditional IGFBPs (21). In the present
study, we examined whether burn alters the expression of one of these
IGFBP-related peptides, IGFBP-rP1. This particular IGFBP-rP was of
interest because it has been reported to impair insulin binding to its
cognate receptor and decrease tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin
receptor and insulin-receptor substrate I (43),
and therefore it may be a potential mediator of the peripheral insulin
resistance observed in response to burn injury (40). Of
the limited number of tissues examined, only liver demonstrated an
increase in IGFBP-rP1 mRNA abundance 24 h after burn. It is
unknown whether increases in hepatic IGFBP-rP1 mRNA are indicative
of increased rates of synthesis for this protein and whether a
concomitant increase in circulating levels of IGFBP-rP1 might be
expected. Changes in IGFBP-rP1 in other catabolic states have not been
reported. There are no data in the literature pertaining to the in vivo
regulation of this binding protein, and our data suggest that neither
TNF- nor glucocorticoids are important regulators of the
burn-induced increase in hepatic IGFBP-rP1 mRNA content or to the
constitutive basal expression in any of the tissues examined.
The above-mentioned changes in the IGF system were associated with a
decrease in gastrocnemius protein content that was prevented by
pretreatment with RU-486. This finding is consistent with a previous
study demonstrating that RU-486 attenuated the burn-induced decrease in
muscle weight primarily by preventing the increased rate of muscle
protein degradation (18). Again, the mechanisms responsible for the muscle wasting produced by burn and sepsis appear
to differ because RU-486 was unable to attenuate the enhanced rate of
proteolysis observed in the latter condition (11). Our data indicate that many, but not all, of the burn-induced changes in
the IGF system are also glucocorticoid dependent and TNF independent. The ability of RU-486 to prevent or greatly attenuate the decrease in
plasma IGF-I, the increase in IGFBP-1 in the blood and muscle, and the
increase in IGFBP-3 within muscle may represent potential mechanisms
helping to limit the burn-induced erosion of LBM. Finally, these data
suggest that the relative importance of glucocorticoids and TNF- in
regulating these different components of the IGF system may also vary
depending on the specific catabolic condition.
| |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
|---|
We thank X. Liu for excellent technical assistance and express sincere thanks to all the investigators who provided the cDNA probes used in this study: Drs. P. Rotwein (IGF-I), H. Whitfield (IGF-II), S. Shimisaki (IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3), and M. Kato (mac25).
| |
FOOTNOTES |
|---|
We thank the National Hormone and Pituitary Program (National Institute
of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) for the generous gift of
the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I antibody, and we thank Genentech
(South San Francisco, CA) for the IGF-I used in these studies. We
extend sincere gratitude to Amgen (Boulder, CO) for generously
providing the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-binding protein and the human
recombinant TNF- used in this study.
This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grants GM-38032 and HL-66443.
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: C. H. Lang, Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Physiology (H166), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 (E-mail: clang{at}psu.edu).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
10.1152/ajpregu.00319.2001
Received 6 June 2001; accepted in final form 19 September 2001.
| |
REFERENCES |
|---|
|
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
|
|---|
1.
Abribat, T,
Brazeau P,
Davignon I,
and
Garrel DR.
Insulin-like growth factor-I blood levels in severely burned patients: effects of time postinjury, age of patient and severity of burn.
Clin Endocrinol
39:
583-589,
1993[Medline].
2.
Cannon, JG,
Friedberg JS,
Gelfand JA,
Tompkins RG,
Burke JF,
and
Dinarello CA.
Circulating interleukin-1
and tumor necrosis factor- concentrations after burn injury in humans.
Crit Care Med
20:
1414-1419,
1992[ISI][Medline].
3.
Carter, EW,
Tompkins RG,
Yarmush ML,
Walker WA,
and
Burke JF.
Redistribution of blood flow after thermal injury and hemorrhagic shock.
J Appl Physiol
65:
1782-1788,
1988
4.
Cooney, R,
Kimball SR,
Eckman R,
Maish G,
Shumate M,
and
Vary TC.
TNF binding protein ameliorates inhibition of skeletal muscle protein synthesis during sepsis.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab
276:
E611-E619,
1999
5.
Debroy, MA,
Wolf SE,
Zhang XJ,
Chinkes DL,
Ferrando AA,
Wolfe RR,
and
Herndon DN.
Anabolic effects of insulin-like growth factor in combination with insulin-like growth binding protein-3 in severely burned adults.
J Trauma Inj Inf Crit Care
47:
904-911,
1999.
6.
Defalque, D,
Brandt N,
Ketelslegers JM,
and
Thissen JP.
GH insensitivity induced by endotoxin injection is associated with decreased liver GH receptors.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab
276:
E565-E572,
1999
7.
Espat, NJ,
Cenden JC,
Bierle EA,
Auffenberg TA,
Rosenberg J,
Russell DA,
Kenney JS,
Fischer E,
Montegut W,
Lowery SF,
Copeland EM,
and
Moldawer LL.
PEG-BP-30 monotherapy attenuates the cytokine-mediated inflammatory cascade in baboon Escherichia coli septic shock.
J Surg Res
59:
153-159,
1995[ISI][Medline].
8.
Fan, J,
Bagby GJ,
Gelato MC,
and
Lang CH.
Regulation of insulin-like growth factor I content and IGF-binding proteins by tumor necrosis factor.
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol
269:
R1202-R1212,
1995.
9.
Fan, J,
Li YH,
Bagby GJ,
and
Lang CH.
Modulation of inflammation-induced changes in insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein-1 by anti-TNF antibody.
Shock
4:
21-26,
1995[ISI][Medline].
10.
Fan, J,
Wojnar MM,
Theodorakis M,
and
Lang CH.
Regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I mRNA and peptide, and IGF binding proteins by interleukin-1.
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol
270:
R621-R629,
1996
11.
Fang, CH,
James JH,
Ogle C,
Fischer JE,
and
Hasselgren PO.
Influence of burn injury on protein metabolism in different types of skeletal muscle and the role of glucocorticoids.
J Am Coll Surg
180:
33-42,
1995[ISI][Medline].
12.
Fang, CH,
Li BG,
Wang JJ,
Fischer JE,
and
Hasselgren PO.
Insulin-like growth factor 1 stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein breakdown in muscle from burned rats.
J Parenteral Enteral Nutr
21:
245-251,
1997[Abstract].
13.
Fang, CH,
Li BG,
Wang JJ,
Fischer JE,
and
Hasselgren PO.
Treatment of burned rats with insulin-like growth factor I inhibits the catabolic response in skeletal muscle.
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol
275:
R1091-R1098,
1998
14.
Frost, RA,
and
Lang CH.
Growth factors in critical illness: regulation and therapeutic aspects.
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metabol Care
1:
195-204,
1998[Medline].
15.
Frost, RA,
and
Lang CH.
Differential effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-1 on protein metabolism in human skeletal muscle cells.
Endocrinology
140:
3962-3970,
1999
16.
Fryburg, DA.
Insulin-like growth factor I exerts growth hormone- and insulin-like actions on human muscle protein metabolism.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab
267:
E331-E336,
1994
17.
Ghahary, A,
Fu S,
Shen YJ,
Shankowsky HA,
and
Tredget EE.
Differential effects of thermal injury on circulating insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in burn patients.
Mol Cell Biochem
135:
171-180,
1994[ISI][Medline].
18.
Hall-Angeras, M,
Angeras U,
Zamir O,
Hasselgren PO,
and
Fischer JE.
Effect of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486 on muscle protein breakdown in sepsis.
Surgery
109:
468-472,
1991[ISI][Medline].
19.
Herndon, DN,
Wilmore DW,
and
Mason AD.
Development and analysis of a small animal model simulating the human postburn hypermetabolic response.
J Surg Res
25:
394-403,
1978[ISI][Medline].
20.
Horton, JW,
White J,
Maass D,
and
Sanders B.
Arginine in burn injury improves cardiac performance and prevents bacterial translocation.
J Appl Physiol
84:
695-702,
1998
21.
Hwa, V,
Oh Y,
and
Rosenfeld RG.
The insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) superfamily.
Endocr Rev
20:
761-787,
1999
22.
Jeschke, MG,
Wolf SE,
DebRoy MA,
and
Herndon DN.
The combination of growth hormone with hepatocyte growth factor alters the acute phase response.
Shock
12:
181-187,
1999[ISI][Medline].
23.
Jurasinski, CV,
Kilpatrick L,
and
Vary TC.
Amrinone prevents muscle protein wasting during chronic sepsis.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab
268:
E491-E500,
1995
24.
Lang, CH,
and
Dobrescu C.
Attenuation of burn-induced changes in hemodynamics and glucose metabolism by the PAF antagonist SRI 63-675.
Eur J Pharmacol
156:
207-214,
1988[ISI][Medline].
25.
Lang, CH,
Fan J,
Cooney R,
and
Vary TC.
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist attenuates sepsis-induced alterations in the insulin-like growth factor system and protein synthesis.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab
270:
E430-E437,
1996
26.
Lang, CH,
Fan J,
Frost RA,
Gelato MC,
Sakurai Y,
Herndon DN,
and
Wolfe RR.
Regulation of the insulin-like growth factor system by insulin in burn patients.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
81:
2474-2480,
1996[Abstract].
27.
Lang, CH,
Frost RA,
Jefferson LS,
Kimball SR,
and
Vary TC.
Endotoxin-induced decrease in muscle protein synthesis is associated with changes in eIF2B, eIF4E, and IGF-I.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab
278:
E1133-E1143,
2000
28.
Lang, CH,
Liu X,
Nystrom GJ,
and
Frost RA.
Acute response of IGF-I and IGF binding proteins induced by thermal injury.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab
278:
E1087-E1096,
2000
29.
Lang, CH,
Silvis C,
Nystrom G,
and
Frost RA.
Regulation of myostatin by glucocorticoids after thermal injury.
FASEB J
15:
1807-1809,
2001
30.
Lee, PD,
Conover CA,
and
Powell DR.
Regulation and function of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med
204:
4-29,
1993[Abstract].
31.
Lewitt, MS,
Saunders H,
and
Baxter RC.
Regulation of rat insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1: the effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
Endocrinology
131:
2357-2364,
1992[Abstract].
32.
Li, YH,
Fan J,
and
Lang CH.
Role of glucocorticoids in mediating endotoxin-induced changes in insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein-1.
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol
272:
R1990-R1997,
1997
33.
Luo, J,
Reid RE,
and
Murphy LJ.
Dexamethasone increases hepatic insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) mRNA and serum IGFBP-1 concentrations in rat.
Endocrinology
127:
1456-1462,
1990[Abstract].
34.
Mao, J,
Regelson W,
and
Kalimi M.
Molecular mechanism of RU 486 action: a review.
Mol Cell Biochem
109:
1-8,
1992[ISI][Medline].
35.
Nygren, J,
Sammann M,
Malm M,
Efendic S,
Hall K,
Brismar K,
and
Ljungqvist O.
Disturbed anabolic hormonal patterns in burned patients; the relation to glucagon.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)
43:
491-500,
1995[Medline].
36.
Ogle, C,
Kong F,
Guo X,
Wells DA,
Aosasa S,
Noel G,
and
Horseman N.
The effect of burn injury on suppressors of cytokine signalling.
Shock
14:
392-399,
2000[ISI][Medline].
37.
Ooi, G,
Cohen FJ,
Tseng LYH,
Rechler MM,
and
Boisclair YR.
Growth hormone stimulates transcription of the gene encoding the acid-labile subunit (ALS) of the circulating insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex and ALS promoter activity in rat liver.
Mol Endocrinol
11:
997-1007,
1997
38.
Rajaram, S,
Baylink DJ,
and
Mohan S.
Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in serum and other biological fluids: regulation and functions.
Endocr Rev
18:
801-983,
1997
39.
Rajkumar, K,
Krsek M,
Dheen ST,
and
Murphy LJ.
Impaired glucose homeostasis in insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 transgenic mice.
J Clin Invest
98:
1818-1825,
1996[ISI][Medline].
40.
Shangraw, RE,
Jahoor F,
Miyoshi H,
Neff WA,
Stuart CA,
Herndon DN,
and
Wolfe RR.
Differentiation between septic and postburn insulin resistance.
Metabolism
38:
983-989,
1989[ISI][Medline].
41.
Sjogren, K,
Liu JL,
Blad K,
Skrtic S,
Vidal O,
Wallenius V,
LeRoith D,
Tornell J,
Isaksson OGP,
Jansson JO,
and
Ohlsson C.
Liver-derived insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is the principal source of IGF-I in blood but is not required for postnatal body growth in mice.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
96:
7088-7092,
1999
42.
Unterman, TG,
Jentel JJ,
Oehler DT,
Lacson RG,
and
Hofert JF.
Effects of glucocorticoids on circulating levels and hepatic expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins and IGF-I in the adrenalectomized streptozotocin-diabetic rat.
Endocrinology
133:
2531-2539,
1993[Abstract].
43.
Yamanaka, Y,
Wilson EM,
Rosenfeld RG,
and
Oh Y.
Inhibition of insulin receptor activation by insulin-like growth factor binding proteins.
J Biol Chem
272:
30729-30734,
1997
44.
Wolfe, RR.
Acute versus chronic responses to burn injury.
Circ Shock
8:
105-115,
1981[ISI][Medline].
45.
Zamir, O,
Hasselgren PO,
von Allmen D,
and
Fischer JE.
The effect of interleukin-1 and the glucocorticoid receptor blocker RU38486 on total and myofibrillar protein breakdown in skeletal muscle.
J Surg Res
50:
570-583,
1991.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  C. H. Lang, D. Huber, and R. A. Frost Burn-induced increase in atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 in skeletal muscle is glucocorticoid independent but downregulated by IGF-I Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2007; 292(1): R328 - R336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Lopez-Bermejo, J. Khosravi, J. M. Fernandez-Real, V. Hwa, K. L. Pratt, R. Casamitjana, M. M. Garcia-Gil, R. G. Rosenfeld, and W. Ricart Insulin Resistance Is Associated With Increased Serum Concentration of IGF-Binding Protein-Related Protein 1 (IGFBP-rP1/MAC25). Diabetes, August 1, 2006; 55(8): 2333 - 2339. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. H. Lang, B. J. Krawiec, D. Huber, J. M. McCoy, and R. A. Frost Sepsis and inflammatory insults downregulate IGFBP-5, but not IGFBP-4, in skeletal muscle via a TNF-dependent mechanism Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): R963 - R972. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. J. Krawiec, R. A. Frost, T. C. Vary, L. S. Jefferson, and C. H. Lang Hindlimb casting decreases muscle mass in part by proteasome-dependent proteolysis but independent of protein synthesis Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, December 1, 2005; 289(6): E969 - E980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. R. Almon, W. Lai, D. C. DuBois, and W. J. Jusko Corticosteroid-regulated genes in rat kidney: mining time series array data Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2005; 289(5): E870 - E882. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Li, S. N. Rana, E. J. Kovacs, R. L. Gamelli, I. H. Chaudry, and M. A. Choudhry Corticosterone suppresses mesenteric lymph node T cells by inhibiting p38/ERK pathway and promotes bacterial translocation after alcohol and burn injury Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2005; 289(1): R37 - R44. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Frost, G. J. Nystrom, and C. H. Lang Epinephrine stimulates IL-6 expression in skeletal muscle and C2C12 myoblasts: role of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and histone deacetylase activity Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2004; 286(5): E809 - E817. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. H. Lang, R. A. Frost, N. Deshpande, V. Kumar, T. C. Vary, L. S. Jefferson, and S. R. Kimball Alcohol impairs leucine-mediated phosphorylation of 4E-BP1, S6K1, eIF4G, and mTOR in skeletal muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, December 1, 2003; 285(6): E1205 - E1215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Q. Hong-Brown, C. R. Brown, R. N. Cooney, R. A. Frost, and C. H. Lang Sepsis-induced muscle growth hormone resistance occurs independently of STAT5 phosphorylation Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2003; 285(1): E63 - E72. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Kumar, R. A. Frost, and C. H. Lang Alcohol impairs insulin and IGF-I stimulation of S6K1 but not 4E-BP1 in skeletal muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2002; 283(5): E917 - E928. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Spies, M. R. K. Dasu, N. Svrakic, O. Nesic, R. E. Barrow, J. R. Perez-Polo, and D. N. Herndon Gene expression analysis in burn wounds of rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2002; |
