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Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 287: R772-R779, 2004. First published May 27, 2004; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00208.2004
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WATER AND ELECTROLYTE HOMEOSTASIS

Involvement of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 and 6 in rapid desensitization of dopamine D1 receptor in rat IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells

Sónia Fraga,1 Pedro A. Jose,2 and Patrício Soares-da-Silva1

1Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, 4200–319 Porto, Portugal; and 2Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20007

Submitted 29 March 2004 ; accepted in final form 25 May 2004


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 GRANTS
 REFERENCES
 
Dopamine-induced inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase has been suggested to play a role in the regulation of Na+ absorption at the intestinal level, and these effects were mediated by dopamine D1-like receptors. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the activation of the D1-like receptors on the activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) in the rat intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6. The presence of D1 receptors was confirmed by immunoblotting. The dopamine D1-like receptor agonist SKF-38393 produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of NHE activity and stimulation of adenylyl cyclase (AC), this being antagonized by the D1 selective antagonist SKF-83566. Effects of SKF-38393 on NHE and AC activities were maximal at 5 min of exposure to the agonist and rapidly diminished with no effect at 25 min. Exposure of cells for 25 min to dibutyryl-cAMP (0.5 mM) or to the AC activator forskolin (3 µM) effectively inhibited NHE activity. Pretreatment of cells with heparin (1 µM), a nonselective G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) inhibitor, prevented the loss of effects on NHE activity after 25 min exposure to SKF-38393. The presence of GRK4, GRK6A, and GRK6B was confirmed by immunoblotting. Overnight treatment with the anti-GRK4–6 antibody complexed with Lipofectin was also effective in preventing loss of the effects of SKF-38393 on NHE and AC activities. It is concluded that dopamine D1 receptors in IEC-6 rapidly desensitize to D1-like agonist stimulation and GRK4 and 6 appear to be involved in agonist-mediated responsiveness and desensitization.

Na+/H+ exchanger; adenylyl cyclase

DOPAMINE RECEPTORS belong to the large family of G protein-coupled receptors and thus far, five distinct genes encoding different dopamine receptor proteins were isolated and characterized in mammals (4, 20, 30). These proteins can be subdivided into D1- and D2-like receptors that differ in their structural, pharmacological and transductional properties (12, 28). The D1-like receptors are generally coupled to Gs and their activation leads to a stimulation of adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity and increased levels of the second messenger cAMP. In jejunal cells, the dopamine inhibitory effect on Na+-K+- ATPase activity has been shown to be mediated by activation of this subclass of dopamine receptors (33); however, this effect was observed in young but not in adult rats (17, 32, 33). This absence of dopamine effect in adult jejunal cells may be explained by regulatory mechanisms that modulate signaling by G protein-coupled receptors such as agonist-induced desensitization of receptors. On the other hand, jejunal epithelial cells from spontaneous hypertensive rats, in contrast to their normotensive controls (Wistar-Kyoto rats), fail to respond to dopamine (18), as has been reported for the kidney. In genetic hypertension, the D1 receptor is uncoupled from its G protein complex, resulting in a decreased ability to regulate renal sodium transport. The impaired D1 receptor/G protein coupling in renal proximal tubules in genetic hypertension is secondary to abnormal phosphorylation and desensitization of the D1 receptor (14).

Phosphorylation is often involved in receptor desensitization and is mediated by two classes of serine/threonine kinases: the second messenger-dependent kinases, such as protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC), or the specific kinases that phosphorylate the agonist-occupied or activated receptors and referred to as G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) (8, 15, 26). This family of kinases is composed of seven members (GRK1 to GRK7) and is widely expressed, which is suggestive of their important role in the regulation of G protein-coupled receptor responsiveness. Involvement of these kinases in agonist-induced desensitization of dopamine D1-like receptors has been previously reported. Indeed, intracellular inhibitors of kinases or elimination of potential phosphorylation sites in the receptors via site-directed mutagenesis could attenuate D1 receptor desensitization (13). Moreover, studies involving heterologously expressed D1 receptors in Sf9 (21), HEK 293 (31), or CHO cells (6) have shown that the D1 receptor undergoes agonist-induced phosphorylation. In HEK 293 and CHO cells this phenomenon is enhanced by coexpression with GRKs 2, 3, 4, and 5 (6, 31). Recently, in renal proximal tubule cells a role for GRK2 and GRK4 in the homologous desensitization of D1 receptors was reported (6, 34).

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the activation of the D1-like receptors on the activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) in IEC-6 cells, a rat epithelial cell line that in culture has features of small intestinal crypt cells (27). It is reported that IEC-6 cells are endowed with dopamine D1 receptors, the stimulation of which results in inhibition of NHE activity and AC stimulation. These effects, however, rapidly diminished, but recovered after treatment of cells with the nonspecific GRK inhibitor heparin or the anti-GRK4–6 antibody. The dopamine D1-like-induced NHE inhibition is a cAMP-mediated event, but PKA is suggested not to be involved in receptor desensitization.


   METHODS
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 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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 REFERENCES
 
Cell culture. IEC-6 cells were obtained from the "Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen" (ACC-111; passages 3–14) and maintained in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2-95% air at 37°C. Cells were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (45%) and RPMI 1640 (45%) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.1U/ml insulin, 100 U/ml penicillin G, 0.25 µg/ml amphotericin B, and 100 µg/ml streptomycin. For subculturing, the cells were dissociated with 0.05% trypsin-EDTA, split 1:4, and subcultured in Costar Petri dishes with 21-cm2 growth area (Costar, Badhoevedorp, The Netherlands). The cell medium was changed every 2 days, and the cells reached confluence 4 days after initial seeding. For 24 h before each experiment, the cell medium was free of fetal bovine serum. Experiments with IEC-6 cells were generally performed 2 days after cells reached confluence; each square centimeter contained ~20 µg of cell protein.

NHE activity. NHE activity was assayed as the initial rate of intracellular pH (pHi) recovery after an acid load imposed by 20 mM NH4Cl followed by removal of Na+ from the Krebs modified buffer solution (in mM: 140 NaCl, 5.4 KCl, 2.8 CaCl2, 1.2 MgSO4, 0.3 NaH2PO4, 10 HEPES, 5 glucose, pH 7.4) in the absence of CO2/HCO3. In these experiments NaCl was replaced by an equimolar concentration of tetramethylammonium chloride. pHi measurements were performed in cells cultured in 96-well plates (11). Briefly, cells were loaded in serum-free medium with 5 µM BCECF/AM, the membrane-permeant acetoxymethyl ester derivative of 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxyfluorescein, for 40 min at 37°C in 5% CO2-95% air atmosphere. The cells were washed free of dye, and the test compounds were added to the extracellular fluid 25, 10, or 5 min before starting the sodium-dependent pHi recovery. Cells were placed in the sample compartment of a dual-scanning microplate spectrofluorometer (Spectramax Gemini, Molecular Devices) and fluorescence monitored every 17 s alternating between 440 and 490 nm excitation at 535 nm of emission, with a cutoff filter of 530 nm. The ratio of intracellular BCECF fluorescence at 490 nm and 440 nm was converted to pHi by comparison with values from an intracellular calibration curve using the nigericin 10 µM and high-K+ method, with pHi ranging from pH 6.6 to 7.8.

Effect of GRK inhibitors. In this set of experiments designed to evaluate the role of GRKs in the desensitization mechanism, cells were preincubated overnight at 37°C in 5% CO2-95% air atmosphere in the presence of heparin (1 µM) or monoclonal anti-GRK4–6 (1.4 µg/ml) (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO) together with 5 µg/ml Lipofectin (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) to facilitate their entry in cells (10, 34).

cAMP measurement. Total cAMP was determined with an enzyme immunoassay kit (Amersham Life, Arlington Heights, IL) according to manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, IEC-6 cells were preincubated for 15 min at 37°C in Hanks' medium (in mM: 137 NaCl, 5 KCl, 0.8 MgSO4, 0.33 Na2HPO4, 0.44 KH2PO4, 0.25 CaCl2, 1.0 MgCl2, 0.15 Tris·HCl, and 1.0 sodium butyrate, pH 7.4) containing 100 µM IBMX, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Cells were then incubated for 5 to 25 min with increasing concentrations of the D1-like receptor selective agonist SKF-38393 (0.1–1 µM). The reaction was stopped by addition of 20 µl of lysis reagent [2.5% dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide in 0.05 M acetate buffer pH 5.8 containing 0.02% (wt/vol) bovine serum albumin] and aliquots were taken for measurement of total cAMP content.

Western blotting analysis. IEC-6 cells cultured to 90% of confluence were washed twice with PBS and total cell protein was extracted for dopamine D1 receptor, NHE1, NHE3, GRK4, GRK6A, and GRK6B detection. Briefly, to obtain total cell extract, cells were lysed by brief sonication (15 s) in lysis buffer with protease inhibitors (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris·HCl, pH 7.4, 5 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 100 µg/ml PMSF, and 2 µg/ml each aprotinin and leupeptin) and incubated on ice for 1 h. After centrifugation (16,000 g, 30 min, 4°C), the supernatant was collected and protein concentration was determined using the method of Bradford (3). Forty micrograms (NHE1 and NHE3), 25 µg (D1 receptor), or 50 µg of protein (GRK4, GRK6A, and GRK6B) were mixed in 6x sample buffer (0.35 M Tris·HCl, 4% SDS, 30% glycerol, 9.3% DTT, pH 6.8, 0.01% bromphenol blue) and boiled for 5 min. Proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE (10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel) and electrotransfered onto nitrocellulose membranes. The transblot sheets were blocked with 5% of non-fat dry milk in 25 mM Tris·HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, and 0.1% Tween-20, overnight at 4°C. Then the membranes were incubated with appropriately diluted antibodies: rabbit anti-NHE1 or anti-NHE3 polyclonal antibodies (Alpha Diagnostics, Autogenbioclear, Wiltshire, UK), rabbit anti-dopamine receptor D1A polyclonal antibody (Chemicon International, Temecula, CA), rabbit anti-human GRK4 polyclonal antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), rabbit anti-GRK6A and GRK6B (35). The reaction was detected by peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and ECL system (Amersham Life).

Drugs. Amiloride, forskolin, H-89, low molecular weight heparin, SKF-38393 hydrochloride, SKF-83566 hydrochloride, and dibutyryl-cAMP were purchased from Sigma. BCECF-AM, ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA), and nigericin were obtained from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). 4-Isopropyl-3-methylsulfonylbenzoyl-guanidine methanesulfonate (HOE-642), and 3-(54)-N-isopropylidene-2-methyl-acrylamide dihydrochloride (S-3226) were kindly provided by Dr. H. J. Lang from Aventis Pharma Deutschland (Frankfurt, Germany).

Data analysis. Geometric means are given with 95% confidence limits, and arithmetic means are given with SE. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls test for multiple comparisons. A P value <0.05 was assumed to denote a significant difference. IC50 values were determined from sigmoidal dose-response analysis using the GraphPad Prism statistics software.


   RESULTS
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DISCUSSION
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In the present study, NHE activity was assayed in IEC-6 cells loaded with a pH-sensitive dye (BCECF), as the Na+-dependent recovery of pHi measured after an acid load imposed by 20 mM NH4Cl followed by removal of Na+ from the Krebs modified buffer solution, in the absence of CO2/HCO3. As shown in Fig. 1, after acidification, IEC-6 cells showed a rapid alkalinization on addition of 140 mM Na+. This alkalinization process was largely inhibited by amiloride (1 mM) and by EIPA (10 µM), indicating that the endogenous NHE in IEC-6 cells is both an amiloride- and EIPA-inhibitable exchanger. The sensitivity of NHE to inhibition by amiloride and EIPA was also evaluated. Figure 2A shows inhibition of NHE activity in IEC-6 cells by both amiloride and EIPA, EIPA being considerably more potent than amiloride (IC50 values: amiloride = 54 µM; EIPA = 54 nM). Differences in sensitivity to inhibitors are in agreement with the observation that IEC-6 cells express both the EIPA-sensitive NHE3 subtype and the amiloride-sensitive NHE1 subtype (22, 23). The presence of both NHE1 and NHE3 isoforms was also confirmed by immunoblotting, as shown in Fig. 3. Immunoblotting studies also showed that this cell line endogenously expresses dopamine D1 receptors (Fig. 3). Because D1-like receptors are generally coupled to Gs and their activation leads to a stimulation of AC activity and increased levels of the second messenger cAMP, it was decided to evaluate the effects of cAMP on NHE activity. For this purpose, IEC-6 cells were stimulated for 25 min with dibutyryl-cAMP (0.5 mM) or the AC activator forskolin (3 µM). Both compounds markedly reduced NHE activity (forskolin, 28 ± 3% decrease; dibutyryl-cAMP, 24 ± 4% decrease).



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  		Fig. 1. Assessment of intracellular pH (pHi) during the Na+-dependent pHi recovery after an acid load imposed by exposure to NH4Cl followed by Na+ removal of the incubation medium in IEC-6 cells, in the absence and the presence of ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA; 10 µM) or amiloride (1 mM). Symbols represent means of 8 experiments per group; vertical lines show SE.

 


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  		Fig. 2. Effect of EIPA (0.01–10 µM; A) and amiloride (0.1–1 mM; B) on Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) activity in IEC-6 cells. IC50 values with intervals of 95% of confidence. Symbols represent the mean of 8 experiments per group; vertical lines show SE.

 


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  		Fig. 3. Immunoblots of isoform 1 and 3 of NHE (A), G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) 4 and GRK6A and GRK6B (B), dopamine D1 receptor (C) of total cellular lysates from IEC-6 cells separated on SDS-PAGE 10%, transferred to a nitrocellulose filter, and performed using specific antibodies. Bands were detected by the ECL method. Arrows indicate the specific bands of ~90 kDa for NHE1 and NHE3; 65 kDa for GRK4, GRK6A, and GRK6B; and 50 kDa for D1 receptor.

 
The activation of dopamine receptors by the selective D1-like dopamine receptor agonist SKF-38393 markedly inhibited NHE activity (Fig. 4A). This inhibition was maximal at 5 min of exposure to the agonist (30%) and was progressively lost with the increase of exposure time to the agonist (10 min, 16% reduction; 25 min, 6% reduction). Similarly, the selective D1-like dopamine receptor agonist SKF-38393 markedly increased cAMP accumulation, this being most prominent at 5 min of exposure to the agonist (39%) and was progressively lost with the increase of exposure time to the agonist [10 min, 23% increase; 25 min, 2% increase (Fig. 4B)]. The maximal inhibition on NHE activity (Fig. 5A) and the maximal stimulation of cAMP accumulation (Fig. 5B) obtained after 5 min exposure to SKF-38393 were both concentration-dependent effects and prevented by the selective D1-like dopamine receptor antagonist SKF-83566 (Fig. 6, A and B).



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  		Fig. 4. Effect of SKF-38393 (1 µM) for 5, 10, and 25 min on the NHE (A) and total cAMP (B) content in IEC-6 cells. Columns represent the mean of 7–31 experiments per group; vertical lines show SE. Significantly different from the respective control value (*P < 0.05).

 


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  		Fig. 5. NHE activity (A) and total cAMP content (B) in IEC-6 cells treated with vehicle and increasing concentrations of SKF-38393 (5-min exposure). Columns represent the mean of 3–43 experiments per group; vertical lines show SE. Significantly different from the control value (*P < 0.05).

 


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  		Fig. 6. Effect of dopamine D1-like receptor antagonist SKF-83566 (1 µM) on NHE activity (A) and total cAMP content (B) in IEC-6 cells under basal or after 5-min exposure to SKF-38393 (1 µM). Columns represent the mean of 3 to 4 experiments per group; vertical lines show SE. Significantly different from control values (*P < 0.05).

 
The recovery of pHi was clearly an Na+-dependent process in IEC-6 cells and treatment for 5 min with SKF-38393 (1 µM) markedly attenuated the Na+-dependent recovery of pHi. As shown in Fig. 7, the maximal rate at which the pHi recovery occurred (in pH units/s) in IEC-6 cells treated with 1 µM SKF-38393 (0.0025 ± 0.0003) was lower (P < 0.05) than that in vehicle-treated cells (0.0038 ± 0.0003), with similar Km values (in mM) for Na+ (vehicle, 14 ± 5; SKF-38393, 10 ± 5). The finding that Na+ removal reduced ~90% of the recovery of pHi excludes the contribution of the H+-ATPase and clearly demonstrates a specific contribution of NHE activity during the alkalinization process after the Na+ removal.



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  		Fig. 7. Na+ dependence of NHE activity in vehicle and SKF-38393 (1 µM, 5-min exposure)-treated IEC-6 cells. Each point represents the mean of 6 experiments; vertical lines indicate SE.

 
To clarify which isoform of NHE is under control of dopamine D1-like receptor stimulation, specific inhibitors to NHE1 and NHE3 were used. As shown in Fig. 8, the SKF-38393-mediated inhibitory effect on the exchanger activity was blocked by the specific NHE1 inhibitor HOE-642 (Fig. 8A) but not by the NHE3 inhibitor S-3226 (Fig. 8B), suggesting that dopamine D1-like receptors attenuate the Na+-dependent recovery of pHi through inhibition of NHE1.



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  		Fig. 8. Effect of NHE1 specific inhibitor HOE-642 (0.3 µM; A) and NHE3 specific inhibitor S-3226 (0.3 µM; B) on NHE activity in IEC-6 cells under basal or after 5-min exposure to SKF-38393 (1 µM). Columns represent the mean of 14 to 31 experiments per group; vertical lines show SE. Significantly different from the control value (*P < 0.05).

 
Decreased sensitivity to D1-like stimulation may be explained by regulatory mechanisms of dopamine D1-like receptor function and phosphorylation may be involved. Both PKA and GRKs can participate in this process. Moreover, stimulation of IEC-6 cells with SKF-38393 produced a concentration-dependent increase of cAMP intracellular content (Fig. 5B). As shown in Fig. 9A, overnight pretreatment with the nonselective GRK inhibitor heparin (1 µM) prevented the loss of D1-like dopamine receptor-mediated inhibition of NHE activity after 25 min exposure to 1 µM SKF-38393 (from 4 ± 3% to 26 ± 4% reduction). This cell line expresses GRK4, GRK6A, and GRK6B as confirmed by immunoblotting studies (Fig. 3) and overnight treatment with the anti-GRK4–6 antibody complexed with Lipofectin was also effective in preventing loss of D1-like dopamine receptor-mediated inhibition of NHE activity after 25-min exposure to SKF-38393 (from 1 ± 3% to 19 ± 3% reduction) (Fig. 9B). Overnight treatment of IEC-6 cells with the anti-GRK4–6 antibody also prevented the loss of the stimulatory effect on cAMP accumulation after 25-min exposure to SKF-38393 (Fig. 10). To evaluate whether inhibition of NHE activity after 25-min exposure to SKF-38393 was a cAMP-dependent effect, IEC-6 cells treated overnight with the anti-GRK4–6 antibody were treated with SKF-38393 (1 µM) for 25 min in the absence and the presence of PKA inhibitor H-89 (10 µM). As shown in Fig. 11, H-89 prevented the inhibitory effect SKF-38393, suggesting this is a cAMP-PKA-mediated event.



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  		Fig. 9. Effect of SKF-38393 (1 µM, for 25 and 5 min of exposure) on NHE activity in IEC-6 cells treated overnight with the nonselective GRK inhibitor heparin (1 µM; A) and the anti-GRK4–6 antibody (1.4 µg/ml; B). Columns represent the mean of 7 to 15 experiments per group; vertical lines show SE. Significantly different from the corresponding control values in vehicle-treated cells (*P < 0.05).

 


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  		Fig. 10. Effect of overnight pretreatment with anti-GRK4–6 antibody (1.4 µg/ml) on total cAMP content under basal and SKF-38393 (1 µM; 25- and 5-min exposure)-stimulated IEC-6 cells. Columns represent the mean of 6–10 experiments per group; vertical lines show SE. Significantly different from control values (*P < 0.05).

 


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  		Fig. 11. Prevention of agonist-induced inhibition (SKF-38393 1 µM; 25-min exposure) of NHE activity in anti-GRK-4–6 antibody (1.4 µg/ml) pretreated IEC-6 cells by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H-89 (10 µM). Columns represent the mean of 7–17 experiments per group; vertical lines show SE. Significantly different from control values (*P < 0.05).

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
GRANTS
 REFERENCES
 
The results presented here show that rat IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells are endowed with dopamine D1 receptors, the stimulation of which results in inhibition of NHE activity and AC stimulation. The use of selective inhibitors of NHE1 and NHE3 isoforms suggests that dopamine D1-like receptors attenuate the Na+-dependent recovery of pHi through inhibition of NHE1. These effects, however, rapidly diminish, but were perpetuated by treatment of cells with the nonspecific GRK inhibitor heparin or the anti-GRK4–6 antibody. The dopamine D1-like receptor-induced NHE inhibition is a cAMP-mediated event, but PKA is probably not to be involved in receptor desensitization.

GRKs can be regulated by desensitization, and it is generally accepted that desensitization involves receptor phosphorylation (7, 8). PKA- and PKC-mediated phosphorylation uncouple the receptors from their respective G protein, whereas GRK-mediated desensitization is initiated by agonist-induced conformational changes in the receptor that upon phosphorylation becomes a substrate of arrestins, a family of proteins that participates in internalization of the receptors (25). The participation of PKA in dopamine D1 receptor desensitization has been previously reported, although there are some discrepancies. Some authors have shown that intracellular inhibitors of PKA (36) or elimination of potential phosphorylation sites in the receptors via site-directed mutagenesis (13) could attenuate D1 receptor desensitization and that PKA phosphorylation was involved in D1 receptor trafficking (19). In contrast, other authors (2, 16) provided data supporting the view that PKA does not have a relevant role in dopamine D1 receptor homologous desensitization. The present study shows that dopamine D1 receptors in the intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6 rapidly desensitize to D1-like stimulation and increases in cAMP or activation of PKA are not responsible for desensitization. In fact, increases in intracellular cAMP after stimulation with D1-like agonist SKF-38393 attained its maximum at 5-min exposure to the agonist and rapidly dissipated. On the other hand, exposure of cells for 25 min with the membrane-permeable cAMP analog dibutyryl-cAMP or with the AC activator forskolin effectively inhibited NHE activity in IEC-6 cells.

GRKs are serine-threonine protein kinases that are implicated in homologous desensitization of a variety of G protein-coupled receptors (1, 5, 9, 29). Because GRKs are known to participate in dopamine D1 receptor homologous desensitization (31, 34), it was decided to determine their involvement in this desensitization process in IEC-6 cells. Heparin, a nonspecific GRK inhibitor (13), prevented the loss of D1-like dopamine receptor-mediated inhibition of NHE activity after 25 min of exposure to SKF-38393 inhibition. The GRK family includes seven members that are divided in three groups according to their localization and functional domains: GRK1 and GRK7, GRK2 and GRK3, and GRK4, GRK5, and GRK6 (7, 24). Recently, GRK4 was reported to play a critical role in the homologous desensitization of D1 receptors in renal proximal tubule cells (34). Immunoblotting showed that IEC-6 cells endogenously express GRK4, GRK6A, and GRK6B. Functional studies were also done and cells were treated overnight with the anti-GRK4–6 antibody before assessment of NHE activity. Treatment of cells with the anti-GRK4–6 antibody was effective in preventing the loss of D1-mediated inhibitory effect on NHE activity. In addition, treatment with the anti-GRK4–6 antibody also prevented the loss of effect of SKF-38393 on AC stimulation, as evidenced by similar increases in cAMP formation after 5- and 25-min exposure to SKF-38393. This clearly indicates that desensitization of dopamine D1-like receptor might not be a PKA-mediated event. However, the dopamine D1-like receptor-mediated NHE inhibition is a PKA-mediated event, as evidenced by the prevention of these effects by the PKA inhibitor H-89.

In conclusion, sustained dopamine D1-like receptor stimulation in IEC-6 cells, a rat intestinal epithelial cell line that expresses the dopamine D1 receptor, results in rapid desensitization, as evidenced by decreases in NHE inhibition and AC stimulation. Desensitization of both postreceptor events, inhibition of NHE activity and stimulation of AC activity, is suggested to occur as a result of GRK-mediated phosphorylation of dopamine D1-like receptors, namely those belonging to the GRK4 and GRK6 subgroup.


   GRANTS
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 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
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REFERENCES
 
S. Fraga is supported by Grant SFRH/BD/4595/2001 from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal). This study was supported in part by Grant HL-23081 from the National Institutes of Health.


   FOOTNOTES
 

Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: P. Soares-da-Silva, Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, 4200 Porto, Portugal (E-mail: psoaresdasilva{at}netcabo.pt)

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.


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 DISCUSSION
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 REFERENCES
 

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