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Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol (September 29, 2005). doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00087.2005
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Submitted on February 7, 2005
Accepted on September 23, 2005

Carnitine/xenobiotics transporters in the human mammary gland epithelia, MCF12A

Bruce Kwok1, Ariko Yamauchi1, Ratheishan Rajesan1, Lillian Chen1, Upinder Dhillon1, Wen Gao1, Haibo Xu1, Bernice Wang1, Shinichiro Takahashi1, John Semple2, Ikumi Tamai3, Jun-ichi Nezu4, Akira Tsuji3, Patricia Harper5, and Shinya Ito1*

1 Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2 Department of Plastic Surgery, Sunnybrook & Women's College Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
3 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
4 Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. LTD., Ibaragi, Japan
5 Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Deaprtment of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Shinya.ito{at}sickkids.ca.

The barrier function of the human mammary gland collapses if challenged with cationic drugs, causing their accumulation in milk. However, underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. To gain insight into the mechanism, we characterized transport of organic cations in the MCF12A human mammary gland epithelial cells, using carnitine and tetraethylammonium (TEA) as representative nutrient and xenobiotics probes, respectively. Our results show that the mammary gland cells express mRNA and proteins of hOCTN1 and hOCTN2 (a Na+-dependent carnitine carrier with Na+-independent xenobiotics transport function), which belong to the solute carrier superfamily (SLC) of transporters. Other SLC organic cation transporters such as hOCT1 and EMT/hOCT3 are also expressed at mRNA levels, but hOCT2 was undetectable. We further showed mRNA expression of ATB0+ (an amino acid transporter with a Na+/Cl--dependent carnitine transport activity), and Flipt2/OCT6 (a splice variant of CT2: a testis-specific Na+-dependent canitine transporter). TEA uptake was pH-dependent. Carnitine uptake was dependent on sodium, and partly on chloride, compatible with hOCTN2, and ATB0+ function. Modeling analyses predicted multiplicity of the uptake mechanisms with the high-affinity systems characterized by Km of 5.1 µM for carnitine and 1.6 mM for TEA, respectively; apparently similar to the reported hOCTN2 parameter for carnitine, and that of EMT/hOCT3 for TEA. Verapamil, cimetidine, carbamazepine, quinidine, and desipramine inhibited the carnitine uptake, but required supra-therapeutic concentrations, suggesting robustness of the carnitine uptake systems against xenobiotics challenge. Our findings suggest functional roles of a network of multiple SLC organic cation/nutrient transporters in human mammary gland drug transfer.




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