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1 Atkinson Research Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
2 Neuropsychology Neuroimaging Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
3 Wm.S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bcraig{at}chw.edu.
Prior data indicate that graded activation by innocuous thermal stimuli occurs in the dorsal posterior insular (dpIns) cortex of humans, rather than the parietal somatosensory regions traditionally thought necessary for discriminative somatic sensations. We hypothesized that, if dpIns subserves the haptic capacity of localization in addition to discrimination, then it should be somatotopically organized. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to detect activation in the dpIns by graded cooling stimuli applied to the hand and the neck, we found unimodal foci arranged in an antero-posterior somatotopographic pattern, consistent with the participation of dpIns in localization as well as discrimination. This gradient is orthogonal to the medio-lateral somatotopy of parietal somatosensory regions, which supports the fundamental conceptual differentiation of the interoceptive somatic representation in dpIns from the parietal exteroceptive representations. These data also support the suggestion that the post-stroke central pain syndrome associated with lesions of dpIns is a thermoregulatory dysfunction. Finally, another focus of strongly graded activation was observed in dorsal medial cortex, which we interpret to represent thermoregulatory behavioral motivation elicited by dynamic cooling.
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