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1 School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
2 Centre d'Ecologie et Physiologie Energetiques, C.N.R.S., Strasbourg, France
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: andreas_fahlman{at}yahoo.com.
We measured rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) and body temperatures in 10 king penguins in air and water. VO2 was measured during rest and at submaximal and maximal exercise before (fed) and after (fasted) an average fasting duration of 14.4 ± 2.3 days (mean ± 1 SD, range 10-19 days) in air and water. Concurrently, we measured subcutaneous temperature and temperature of the upper (heart and liver), middle (stomach) and lower (intestine) abdomen. The mean body mass was 13.8 ± 1.2 kg in fed and 11.0 ± 0.6 kg in fasted birds. After fasting, resting VO2 was 93% higher in water than in air (air: 86.9 ± 8.8 ml . min-1; water: 167.3 ± 36.7 ml . min-1, P < 0.01), while there was no difference in resting VO2 between air and water in fed animals (air: 117.1 ± 20.0 ml 02 . min-1 water: 114.8 ± 32.7 ml 02 . min-1, P > 0.6). In air, VO2 decreased with body mass while it increased with body mass in water. Body temperature did not change with fasting in air whereas in water, there were complex changes in the peripheral body temperatures. These latter changes may, therefore, be indicative of a loss in body insulation and of variations in peripheral perfusion. Four animals were given a single meal after fasting and the temperature changes were partly reversed 24 h after re-feeding in all body regions except the subcutaneous, indicating a rapid reversal to a pre-fasting state where body heat loss is minimal. The data emphasize the importance in considering nutritional status when studying king penguins and that the fasting-related physiological changes diverge in air and water.
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