Octodon degus is a desert rodent of northern Chile, adapted to survive with a limited supply of water. This rodent has a high degree of fecal dehydration, related to colon water absorption. With the hypothesis that aquaporins might be present in the colon epithelium of O. degus and involved fluid absorption, we studied colon water absorption in vivo and the distribution of aquaporins and Na⁺ transporters by immunocytochemistry. AQP-1 was found in apical and basolateral membranes of surface absorptive and crypt epithelial cells. AQP-8 was found in the cytoplasm of enterocytes of surface colon. AQP-3 immunolabeling, on the other hand, was absent from the epithelium but present in a subepithelial fibroblast layer, pericryptal cells and muscularis mucosae. The hydration state did not modify the amount of immunostaining for any of the AQPs. Colon water absorption was markedly decreased by the mercurial agent PCMBS and was not affected by water deprivation. The NH3 isoform of Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger and -1 subunit of the Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase were found in apical and basolateral membranes of surface absorptive cells, respectively. These results suggest that colon water absorption is mostly transcellular and mediated by water channels like AQP-1. Apical Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger and basolateral Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase in surface cells could be part of the Na⁺ absorption pathway. It is hypothesized that this transport is necessary to provide an osmotic gradient for water absorption. The roles of AQP-8 and AQP-3 in water absorption remain to be established.