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Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol (June 23, 2005). doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00260.2005
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Submitted on April 13, 2005
Accepted on June 20, 2005

Absence of Cellular Stress in Brain Following Hypoxia Induced by Arousal from Hibernation in Arctic Ground Squirrels

Yi Long Ma1, Xiongwei Zhu2, Patricia M Rivera1, Oivind Toien1, Brian M Barnes1, Joseph C LaManna3, Mark A Smith2, and Kelly L Drew4*

1 Institute of Arctic Biology, Alaska Basic Neuroscience Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
2 Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Clevelend, Ohio, USA
3 Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
4 Institute of Arctic Biology, Alaska Basic Neuroscience Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA; Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Clevelend, Ohio, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ffkld{at}uaf.edu.

Although hypoxia tolerance in heterothermic mammals is well established, it is unclear if the adaptive significance stems from hypoxia or other cellular challenge associated with euthermy, hibernation or arousal. In the present study, blood gases, hemoglobin-oxygen saturation (sO2) and indices of cellular and physiological stress were measured during hibernation, euthermy and following arousal thermogenesis. Results show that, PaO2 and sO2 are severely diminished during arousal and HIF 1{alpha} accumulates in brain. Despite evidence of hypoxia, neither cellular or oxidative stress, indicated by iNOS levels and oxidative modification of biomolecules was observed during late arousal from hibernation. Compared to rat, hibernating AGS (Spermophilus parryii) are well oxygenated with no evidence of cellular stress, inflammatory response, neuronal pathology or oxidative modification following the period of high metabolic demand necessary for arousal. In contrast, euthermic AGS experience mild, chronic hypoxia with low sO2 and accumulation of HIF 1{alpha} and iNOS and demonstrate the greatest degree of cellular stress in brain. These results suggest that AGS experience and tolerate endogenous hypoxia during euthermy and arousal.




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