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1 Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
2 Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo, Japan
3 Department of Molecular Physiology, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
4 Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: shirose{at}bio.titech.ac.jp.
An extremely acidic lake (pH 3.5) is present in Osorezan, Aomori, Japan. Despite the unfavorable conditions, a single species of fish, known as Osorezan dace, lives in this lake. Physiological studies have established that this fish is able to prevent acidification of its plasma and loss of Na+. Here we show that these abilities are mainly attributable to the chloride cells of the gill, which are arranged in a follicular structure and contain high concentrations of Na+,K+-ATPase, carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II), Na+/H+ exchanger-3 (NHE3), Na+/HCO3- cotransporter-1 (NBC1), and aquaporin-3, all of which are upregulated on acidification. Immunohistochemistry established their chloride cell localization, with NHE3 at the apical surface and the others localized to the basolateral membrane. These results suggest a mechanism by which Osorezan dace adapts to its acidic environment. Most likely, NHE3 on the apical side excretes H+ in exchange for Na+, while the electrogenic NBC1 in the basolateral membrane provides HCO3- for neutralization of plasma using the driving force generated by Na+,K+-ATPase and CA-II. Increased expression of glutamate dehydrogenase was also observed in various tissues of acid-adapted dace suggesting a significant role of ammonia and bicarbonate generated by glutamine catabolism.
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