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1 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
2 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
3 Laboratory of Haematology, V. Cervello Hospital, Palermo, Italy
4 Department of Haematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Italian Institute of Public Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
5 Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, V. Cervello Hospital, Palermo, Palermo, Italy
6 Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
7 Institute of Medicine and Pneumology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
8 Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy; Institute of Medicine and Pneumology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: marisa{at}ibim.cnr.it.
Marathon runners show increased circulating CD34+ cell counts and post-exercise release of interleukin-6 (IL-6), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and flt3-ligand (J Appl Physiol 2002; 93:1691). In the present study we hypothesized that supramaximal ("all-out") exercise may acutely affect circulating progenitors and reticulocytes, and investigated possible mechanisms involved. Progenitor release was measured by flow cytometry (n=20) and clonogenic assays (n=6) in 20 young competitive rowers (13 M, 7 F, age±SD: 17.1±2.1 yr, peak O2 consumption: 56.5±11.4 ml.min-1.kg-1) at rest and shortly after 1000 m "all-out". Release of reticulocytes, cortisol, muscle enzymes, neutrophil elastase, and several cytokines/growth factors was also measured. Supramaximal exercise doubled circulating CD34+ cells (rest: 7.6±3.0, all-out: 16.3±9.1 cells/µL, p<0.001), and increased immature reticulocyte fractions; AC133+ cells doubled, suggesting release of angiogenetic precursors. Erythrocyte burst forming units (BFU-E), and colony forming units for granulocytes-monocytes (CFU-GM) and all blood series (CFU-GEMM) increased post-exercise by 3.4-, 5.5-, and 4.8-fold, respectively (p<0.01 for all). All-out rowing acutely increased plasma cortisol, neutrophil elastase, flt3-ligand, HGF, VEGF and TGF-
1, and decreased erythropoietin; K-ligand, SDF-1, IL-6 and G-CSF were unchanged. Therefore, all-out exercise is a physiological stimulus for progenitor release in athletes. Release of reticulocytes and pro-angiogenetic cells and mediators suggests tissue hypoxia as possibly involved in progenitor mobilization.
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