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1 Systemic Inflammation Laboratory, Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: aromano{at}chw.edu.
Most published studies of thermoregulatory responses of mice to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) involved a stressful injection of LPS, were run at a poorly controlled and often subneutral ambient temperature (Ta), and paid little attention to the dependence of the response on the LPS dose. These pitfalls have been overcome in the present study. Male C57BL/6 mice implanted with jugular vein catheters were kept in an environmental chamber at a tightly controlled Ta. The relationship between the Tas used and the thermoneutral zone of the mice was verified by measuring tail skin temperature, either by infrared thermography or thermocouple thermometry. E. coli LPS in a wide dose range (100-104 µg/kg) was administered through an extension of the jugular catheter, from outside the chamber. The responses observed were dose-dependent. At a neutral Ta, low (just suprathreshold) doses of LPS (100-101 µg/kg) caused a monophasic fever. To a slightly higher dose (101.5 µg/kg), the mice responded with a biphasic fever. To even higher doses (101.75-104 µg/kg), they responded with a polyphasic fever, of which three distinct phases were identified. The dose-dependence and dynamics of LPS fever in the mouse appeared to be remarkably similar to those seen in the rat. However, the thermoregulatory response of mice to LPS in a subthermoneutral environment is remarkably different from that of rats. Although very high doses of LPS (104 µg/kg) did cause a late (latency, ~3h) hypothermic response in mice, the typical early (latency, 10-30 min) hypothermic response seen in rats did not occur. The present investigation identifies experimental conditions to study LPS-induced mono-, bi-, and polyphasic fevers and late hypothermia in mice and provides detailed characteristics of these responses.
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