Thirst and sodium appetite are both critical for restoring blood volume. Because these two behavioral drives can arise under similar physiological conditions, some of the brain sensory sites that stimulate thirst may also drive sodium appetite. However, the physiological and temporal dynamics of these two appetites exhibit clear differences, suggesting that they involve separate brain circuits. Unlike thirst-associated sensory neurons in the hypothalamus, the HSD2 (11--hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2) neurons in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) are activated in close association with sodium appetite (16). Here, we tested whether the HSD2 neurons are also activated in response to either of the two physiological stimuli for thirst: hyperosmolarity and hypovolemia. Hyperosmolarity, produced by intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline, stimulated a large increase in water intake and a substantial increase in immunoreactivity for the neuronal activity marker c-Fos within the medial NTS, but not in the HSD2 neurons. Hypovolemia, produced by subcutaneous injection of hyperoncotic polyethylene glycol (PEG), stimulated an increase in water intake within 1-4h without elevating c-Fos expression in the HSD2 neurons. The HSD2 neurons were, however, activated by prolonged hypovolemia, which also stimulated sodium appetite. 12h after PEG was injected in rats that had been sodium-deprived for 4d, the HSD2 neurons showed a consistent increase in c-Fos immunoreactivity. In summary, the HSD2 neurons are activated specifically in association with sodium appetite, and appear not to function in thirst.