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1 Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: stocker{at}uthscsa.edu.
The present study sought to determine whether water deprivation increases Fos immunoreactivity, a neuronal marker related to synaptic activation, in sympathetic-regulatory neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Fluorogold (4%, 50 nl) and cholera toxin subunit B (0.25%, 10-30 nl) were microinjected into the spinal cord (T1-T3) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), respectively. Then, rats were deprived of water but not food for 48 h. Water deprivation significantly increased the number of Fos-positive nuclei throughout the dorsal, ventrolateral, and lateral parvocellular divisions of the PVN (water-deprived: 215±23 vs control: 45±7 cells, P<0.01). Moreover, a significantly greater number of Fos-positive nuclei were localized in spinally-projecting (11±3 vs 2±1 cells, P<0.025) and RVLM-projecting (45±7 vs 7±1 cells, P<0.025) neurons of the PVN in water-deprived versus control rats, respectively. The majority of these double-labeled neurons were found in the ventrolateral and lateral parvocellular divisions of the ipsilateral PVN. Interestingly, a significantly greater percentage of RVLM-projecting PVN neurons were Fos-positive compared to spinally-projecting PVN neurons in the ventrolateral (25.8±0.7 vs 8.0±1.5%, respectively, P<0.01) and lateral (23.4±2.1 vs 5.0±0.9%, respectively, P<0.01) parvocellular divisions. In addition, we analyzed spinally-projecting neurons of the RVLM and found a significantly greater percentage were Fos-positive in water-deprived rats than in control rats (26±3 vs 3±1%, respectively; P<0.001). Collectively, the present findings indicate that water deprivation evokes a distinct cellular response in sympathetic-regulatory neurons of the PVN and RVLM.
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