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1 Medicine/Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: lkbarger{at}hms.harvard.edu.
Shift workers and transmeridian travelers are exposed to abnormal work-rest cycles inducing a change in the phase relationship between the sleep-wake cycle and the endogenous circadian timing system. Misalignment of circadian phase is associated with sleep disruption and deterioration of alertness and cognitive performance. Exercise has been investigated as a behavioral countermeasure to facilitate circadian adaptation. In contrast to previous studies where results might have been confounded by ambient light exposure, this investigation was conducted under strictly controlled very dim light (standing ~0.65 lux; angle of gaze) conditions to minimize the phase resetting effects of light. Eighteen young, fit males completed a 15-day randomized clinical trial in which circadian phase was measured in a constant routine before and after exposure to a week of nightly bouts of exercise or a non-exercise control condition following a 9-hour delay in the sleep-wake schedule. Plasma samples collected every 30-60 minutes were analyzed for melatonin to determine circadian phase. Subjects who completed three 45-minute bouts of cycle ergometery each night showed a significantly greater shift in the DLMO25%, DLMOff25% and midpoint of the melatonin profile as compared to non-exercising controls (Student t-test; p <0.05). The magnitude of phase delay induced by the exercise intervention was significantly dependent on the relative timing of the exercise after the pre-intervention DLMO25% (r=-0.73, p < 0.05) such that the closer to the DLMO25%, the greater the phase shift. These data suggest that exercise may help to facilitate circadian adaptation to schedules requiring a delay in the sleep-wake cycle.
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