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1 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
2 Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
3 Cell and Developmental Biology, Univ Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
4 Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
5 Statistics and Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
6 Department of Comparative Bioscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: sandy.martin{at}uchsc.edu.
The intestine of hibernating ground squirrels is protected against damage by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. This resistance does not depend upon the low body temperature of torpor; rather it is exhibited during natural interbout arousals that periodically return hibernating animals to euthermia. Here we use fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) to identify protein spot differences in intestines of 13-lined ground squirrels in the sensitive and protected phases of the circannual hibernation cycle, comparing sham-treated control animals with those exposed to I/R. Protein spot differences distinguished the sham-treated summer and hibernating samples, as well as the response to I/R between summer and hibernating intestines. The majority of protein changes among these groups were attributed to a seasonal difference between summer and winter hibernators. Many of the protein spots that differed were unambiguously identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of their constituent peptides. Western blot analysis confirmed significant upregulation for three of the proteins, albumin, apolipoprotein A-I and ubiquitin hydrolase L1, that were identified in the DIGE analysis as increased in sham-treated hibernating squirrels compared with sham-treated summer squirrels. This study identifies several candidate proteins that may contribute to hibernation-induced protection of the gut during natural torpor-arousal cycles and experimental I/R injury. It also reveals the importance of enterocyte maturation in defining the hibernating gut proteome, and the role of changing cell populations for the differences between sham and I/R treated summer animals.
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