Compensatory increases in food intake are commonly observed after a period of food deprivation in many species including laboratory rats and mice. Thus, it is interesting that Syrian hamsters fail to increase food intake after a period of food deprivation, despite a fall in plasma leptin concentrations similar to those seen in food-deprived rats and mice. In previous laboratory studies, food-deprived Syrian hamsters increased the amount of food hoarded. We hypothesized that leptin treatment during food deprivation would attenuate food deprivation-induced increases in hoarding. Baseline levels of hoarding were bimodally distributed with no hamsters showing intermediate levels of hoarding. Both high (HH) and low hoarding (LH) hamsters were included in each experimental group. Fifty-six male hamsters were either food-deprived or given ad libitum access to food for 48 h. Half of each group received intraperitoneal injections of leptin (4 mg/kg) or vehicle every 12 h during the food deprivation period. Within the HH group, the hoarding score increased significantly in food-deprived but not fed hamsters (P < 0.05). Leptin treatment significantly decreased hoarding in the food-deprived HH hamsters (P < 0.05). The LH hamsters did not increase hoarding regardless of whether they were food deprived or had ad libitum access to food. These results are consistent with the idea that HH hamsters respond to energetic challenges at least in part by changing their hoarding behavior, and that leptin might be one factor that mediates this response.