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1 Fractal Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Gottingen, Germany
2 Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
3 Department of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: meyer{at}em.mpg.de.
Djungarian or Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) acclimated to short photoperiod display episodes of spontaneous daily torpor with metabolic rate depressed by ~70% and body temperature reduced by ~20°C. To study the cardiovascular adjustment to daily torpor in Phodopus, electrocardiogram (ECG) and body temperature (Tb) were continuously recorded by telemetry during entrance into torpor, in deep torpor, and during arousal from torpor. Minimum Tb during torpor bouts was ~21°C and heart rate, ~349 bpm at euthermy, displayed marked sinus bradyarrhythmia at ~70 bpm. Arousal was typically completed within ~40 min followed by a sustained post-torpor inactivity tachycardia (~540 bpm). Absence of episodes of conduction block, tachyarrhythmia or other forms of ectopy throughout the torpor cycle demonstrates a remarkable resistance to arrhythmogenesis. The ECG morphology lacks a distinct isoelectric interval following the QRS complex, and the ST segment resembles the ECG pattern in mice with a prominent fast transient outward (Ito,f) K+ current determining the early phase of ventricular repolarization. During low-temperature torpor, the amplitudes of the QRS complex substantially increased suggesting that, in the euthermic state, the terminal portion of ventricular depolarization is fused with the beginning of repolarization, low Tb acting to decorrelate the superposition between depolarization and repolarization by delaying the repolarization onset. Atrio-ventricular and ventricular conduction times were prolonged as function of Tb. In contrast, the QT vs. Tb relationship showed marked hysteresis indicating the operation of nonlinear control mechanisms whereby the rapid QT shortening during arousal results from additional mechanisms (probably sympathetic stimulation) other than temperature alone.
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