| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Research and Education Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dgayle{at}ucla.edu.
Perinatal infections are a risk factor for fetal neurologic pathologies including cerebral palsy and schizophrenia. Cytokines which are produced as part of the inflammatory response are proposed to partially mediate the neurologic injury. This study investigated the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to pregnant rats on the production of cytokines and stress markers in the fetal environment. Gestation day 18 pregnant rats were treated i.p. with LPS (100 µg/kg b.w.) and maternal serum, amniotic fluid, placenta, chorioamnion, and fetal brain were harvested at 1, 6, 12 and 24 h post-treatment to assay for LPS-induced changes in cytokine protein (ELISA) and mRNA (real-time RT-PCR) levels. We observed induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1
(IL-1), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-
(TNF-) as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the maternal serum within 6 h of LPS exposure. Similarly, pro-inflammatory cytokines were induced in the amniotic fluid in response to LPS; however no significant induction of IL-10 was observed in the amniotic fluid. LPS-induced mRNA changes included up-regulation of the stress-related peptide corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) in the fetal whole brain, TNF-, IL-6 and IL-10 in the chorioamnion, and TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6 in the placenta. These findings suggest that maternal infections may lead to an unbalanced inflammatory reaction in the fetal environment that activates the fetal stress axis.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  U. Meyer, J. Feldon, and B. K. Yee A Review of the Fetal Brain Cytokine Imbalance Hypothesis of Schizophrenia Schizophr Bull, September 1, 2009; 35(5): 959 - 972. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Brown Jr. Effects of Bisphenol-A and Other Endocrine Disruptors Compared With Abnormalities of Schizophrenia: An Endocrine-Disruption Theory of Schizophrenia Schizophr Bull, January 1, 2009; 35(1): 256 - 278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. E. P. Smith, J. Li, K. Garbett, K. Mirnics, and P. H. Patterson Maternal Immune Activation Alters Fetal Brain Development through Interleukin-6 J. Neurosci., October 3, 2007; 27(40): 10695 - 10702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D.-X. Xu, Y.-H. Chen, H. Wang, L. Zhao, J.-P. Wang, and W. Wei Effect of N-Acetylcysteine on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intra-uterine Fetal Death and Intra-uterine Growth Retardation in Mice Toxicol. Sci., December 1, 2005; 88(2): 525 - 533. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D.-X. Xu, Y.-H. Chen, J.-P. Wang, M.-F. Sun, H. Wang, L.-Z. Wei, and W. Wei Perinatal Lipopolysaccharide Exposure Downregulates Pregnane X Receptor and Cyp3a11 Expression in Fetal Mouse Liver Toxicol. Sci., September 1, 2005; 87(1): 38 - 45. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. H. Beall, F. Amidi, D. A. Gayle, S. Wang, R. Beloosesky, and M. G. Ross Placental and Fetal Membrane Nephrin and Neph1 Gene Expression: Response to Inflammation Reproductive Sciences, July 1, 2005; 12(5): 298 - 302. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. A. Romanovsky Anorexia: the toll for lipopolysaccharide recognition Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2004; 287(2): R274 - R275. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH |
| Visit Other APS Journals Online |
