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Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol (June 20, 2002). doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00673.2001
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Articles in PresS, published online ahead of print June 20, 2002
Am J Physiol Regu Physiol, 10.1152/ajpregu.00673.2001
Submitted on November 9, 2001
Accepted on June 11, 2002

The influence of hypoxia and of hypoxemia on the development of cardiac activity in zebrafish larvae

Esther Jacob1, Meinrad Drexel1, Thorsten Schwerte1, and Bernd Pelster1*

1 Zoology and Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bernd.pelster{at}uibk.ac.at.

Cardiac activity and anaerobic metabolism were analyzed in zebrafish larvae raised under normoxia (PO2 = 20 kPa) and under chronic hypoxia (PO2 = 10 kPa) at three different temperatures (25°C; 28°C; and 31°C). Heart rate increased with development and with temperature. Under normoxia, cardiac output increased significantly at high temperature (31°C), but not at 28°C or at 25°C. Under chronic hypoxia, however, heart rate as well as cardiac output increased at all temperatures in larvae at about hatching time or shortly thereafter. Cardiac activity of larvae raised for two weeks after fertilization with a reduced hemoglobin oxygen-carrying capacity in their blood (hypoxemia; due to the presence of CO or of phenylhydrazine in the incubation water) was not different from control animals. Whole body lactate content of these animals did not increase. Thus, there was no indication of a stimulated anaerobic energy metabolism. The increase in cardiac activity observed during hypoxia suggests that at about hatching time receptors are present which sense hypoxic conditions, and this information can be used to induce a stimulation of convective oxygen transport in order to compensate for a reduction in bulk oxygen diffusion in the face of a reduced oxygen gradient between environmental water and tissues. Under normoxia, however, the PO2 gradient between environmental water and tissues and diffusional oxygen transport assure sufficient oxygen supply even if hemoglobin oxygen transport in the blood is severely impaired. Thus, under normoxic conditions, and with a normal metabolic rate of the tissues, convective oxygen transport is not required until about two weeks after fertilization.




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