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1 Institute of Normal Human Morphology, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
2 Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bartness{at}gsu.edu.
Converging evidence indicates that white adipose tissue (WAT) is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) based on immunohistochemical labelling of a SNS marker (tyrosine hydroxylase [TH]), tract tracing of WAT sympathetic postganglionic innervation, pseudorabies virus (PRV) transneuronal labelling of WAT SNS outflow neurons and functional evidence from denervation studies. Recently, WAT parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) innervation was suggested because local surgical WAT sympathectomy (sparing hypothesized parasympathetic innervation) followed by PRV injection yielded infected cells in the vagal dorsomotor nucleus (DMV), a traditionally-recognized PSNS brainstem site. In addition, local surgical PSNS WAT denervation triggered WAT catabolic responses. We tested histologically whether WAT was parasympathetically innervated by searching for PSNS markers in rat, and normal (C57BL) and obese (ob/ob) mouse WAT. Vesicular acetylcholine transporter, vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivities were absent in WAT pads (retroperitoneal, epididymal, inguinal subcutaneous) from all animals. Nearly all nerves innervating WAT vasculature and parenchyma that were labelled with PGP9.5 (pan-nerve marker) also contained TH, attesting to the pervasive SNS innervation. When Siberian hamster inguinal WAT was sympathetically denervated via local injections of the catecholaminergic toxin 6-hydroxy-dopamine (sparing putative parasympathetic nerves), subsequent PRV injection resulted in no CNS or sympathetic chain infections suggesting no PSNS innervation. By contrast, vehicle injected WAT subsequently inoculated with PRV had typical CNS/sympathetic chain viral infection patterns. Collectively, these data indicate no parasympathetic nerve markers in WAT of several species, with sparse DMV innervation and questions the claim of PSNS WAT innervation as well as its functional significance.
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