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1 Department of Pharmacology und Toxicology, Charite, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Berlin, Germany; German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charite, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany; Charite, Campus Mitte, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany
3 German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
4 Department of Pharmacology und Toxicology, Charite, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Berlin, Germany
5 Department of Internal Medicine IV, Charite, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Nephrology, Berlin, Germany
6 Charite, Campus Mitte, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany
7 Nephrology, Charite, Berlin, Germany
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: berthold.hocher{at}charite.de.
Introduction: Maternal low-protein diet during pregnancy is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease of the offspring in later life. The impact of high-protein diet during pregnancy on cardiovascular phenotype of the offspring is still unknown. We examined the influence of a high-protein diet during pregnancy and lactation on the renal, hemodynamic, and metabolic phenotype of the F1 generation. Methods: Female Wistar rats were either fed a normal protein diet (20% protein: NP) or a isocaloric high protein diet (40% protein: HP) throughout pregnancy and lactation. At weaning, offspring were fed standard diet and were allocated according to gender and maternal diet to 4 groups: normal-protein male (NPm, n=25), normal-protein female (NPf, n=19), high-protein male (HPm, n=24), high-protein female (HPf, n=29). During experiment (22 weeks) the animals were characterized by repeated measurement of body weight, food intake, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, energy expenditure and kidney function. At the end of the study period histomorphological analyses of kidneys and weight measurement of reproductive fat pads were conducted. Results: There were no differences in birth weight between the study groups. No influence of maternal diet on energy expenditure, glucose tolerance and plasma lipid levels was detected. Blood pressure and glomerulosclerosis were elevated in male offspring only, whereas female offspring were characterized by an increased food efficiency, higher body weight and increased fat pads. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that high-protein diet during pregnancy and lactation in rats programs blood pressure, food efficiency and body weight of the offspring in a gender dependent manner.
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