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Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 272: R441-R463, 1997;
0363-6119/97 $5.00
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AJP - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol 272, Issue 2 441-R463, Copyright © 1997 by American Physiological Society

ARTICLES

Nitric oxide and pregnancy

S. M. Sladek, R. R. Magness and K. P. Conrad
Magee-Womens Research Institute and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.

This review will consider whether nitric oxide (NO) contributes to maternal systemic vasodilation during pregnancy, regulates uterine and fetoplacental blood flow, and is involved in uterine quiescence prior to parturition. Also, whether a deficiency of NO contributes to the hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, preeclampsia, will be considered. The biosynthesis of NO increases in gravid rats and sheep, but the status in normal human pregnancy and preeclampsia is controversial. NO contributes to maternal systemic vasodilation and reduced vascular reactivity during normal pregnancy; however, the relative contribution of NO is variable depending on the animal species, vascular bed, and vessel size. Impaired relaxation responses to acetylcholine, but not bradykinin or NO donors, are observed in small arteries from women with preeclampsia, suggesting a receptor or signal transduction defect, although NO may play little, if any, role here. Uterine arteries have increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, protein expression, and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate production during pregnancy; however, whether these mediate uterine vasodilation during pregnancy remains to be established. NOS is expressed in the human placental syncytiotrophoblast and in the fetoplacental and umbilical vascular endothelium where basal production of NO contributes to low fetoplacental vascular resistance. Controversy exists over the status of placental NOS in preeclampsia, although an abnormality of umbilical NOS activity is likely. Finally, the uterus has NOS activity, which decreases at the end of gestation, and exogenous NO relaxes the myometrium, but whether endogenous NO contributes to uterine quiescence during pregnancy has yet to be confirmed.


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C. A. Kanashiro, B. T. Alexander, J. P. Granger, and R. A. Khalil
Ca2+-Insensitive Vascular Protein Kinase C During Pregnancy and NOS Inhibition
Hypertension, October 1, 1999; 34(4): 924 - 930.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 HypertensionHome page
M. F. V. Dantas, M. Urban, D. Spray, M. H. Catelli de Carvalho, and R. d. C. A. T. Passaglia
Increased Acetylcholine-Induced Vasodilation in Pregnant Rats : A Role for Gap Junctional Communication
Hypertension, October 1, 1999; 34(4): 937 - 942.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol Hum ReprodHome page
H. Kobayashi, G. W. Sun, and T. Terao
Urinary trypsin inhibitor down-regulates hyaluronic acid fragment-induced prostanoid release in cultured human amnion cells by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression
Mol. Hum. Reprod., July 1, 1999; 5(7): 662 - 667.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
K. P. Conrad, L. J. Kerchner, and M. D. Mosher
Plasma and 24-h NOx and cGMP during normal pregnancy and preeclampsia in women on a reduced NOx diet
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, July 1, 1999; 277(1): F48 - F57.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
M. Grewal, J. Cuevas, G. Chaudhuri, and L. Nathan
Effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on vascular resistance in rats: role of sex steroids
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 1999; 276(6): H2063 - H2068.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
I. Dorup, K. Skajaa, and K. E. Sorensen
Normal pregnancy is associated with enhanced endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 1999; 276(3): H821 - H825.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
J. K. Crews, J. Novak, J. P. Granger, and R. A. Khalil
Stimulated mechanisms of Ca2+ entry into vascular smooth muscle during NO synthesis inhibition in pregnant rats
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 1999; 276(2): R530 - R538.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
P. R. R. Gangula, H. Zhao, S. Supowit, S. Wimalawansa, D. DiPette, and C. Yallampalli
Pregnancy and steroid hormones enhance the vasodilation responses to CGRP in rats
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 1999; 276(1): H284 - H288.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 HypertensionHome page
A. M. Roggensack, Y. Zhang, and S. T. Davidge
Evidence for Peroxynitrite Formation in the Vasculature of Women With Preeclampsia
Hypertension, January 1, 1999; 33(1): 83 - 89.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
M. M. White, R. E. McCullough, R. Dyckes, A. D. Robertson, and L. G. Moore
Effects of pregnancy and chronic hypoxia on contractile responsiveness to alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation
J Appl Physiol, December 1, 1998; 85(6): 2322 - 2329.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
K. K. Bradley, I. L. O. Buxton, J. E. Barber, T. McGaw, and M. E. Bradley
Nitric oxide relaxes human myometrium by a cGMP-independent mechanism
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 1998; 275(6): C1668 - C1673.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Nutr.Home page
G. Wu, W. G. Pond, S. P. Flynn, T. L. Ott, and F. W. Bazer
Maternal Dietary Protein Deficiency Decreases Nitric Oxide Synthase and Ornithine Decarboxylase Activities in Placenta and Endometrium of Pigs During Early Gestation
J. Nutr., December 1, 1998; 128(12): 2395 - 2402.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
J. J. McDougall, R. W. Giles, R. C. Bray, and D. A. Hart
Pregnancy-induced changes in rabbit medial collateral ligament vasoregulation
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 1998; 275(4): R1380 - R1385.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
J. J. Smolich
NO modulates fetoplacental blood flow distribution and whole body oxygen extraction in fetal sheep
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 1998; 274(5): R1331 - R1337.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Nutr.Home page
G. Wu, W. G. Pond, T. Ott, and F. W. Bazer
Maternal Dietary Protein Deficiency Decreases Amino Acid Concentrations in Fetal Plasma and Allantoic Fluid of Pigs
J. Nutr., May 1, 1998; 128(5): 894 - 902.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 HypertensionHome page
R. A. Khalil, J. K. Crews, J. Novak, S. Kassab, and J. P. Granger
Enhanced Vascular Reactivity During Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Pregnant Rats
Hypertension, May 1, 1998; 31(5): 1065 - 1069.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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