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Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 283: R911-R917, 2002. First published June 20, 2002; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00673.2001
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Vol. 283, Issue 4, R911-R917, October 2002

Influence of hypoxia and of hypoxemia on the development of cardiac activity in zebrafish larvae

E. Jacob, M. Drexel, T. Schwerte, and B. Pelster

Institut für Zoologie und Limnologie, Universität A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria

Cardiac activity and anaerobic metabolism were analyzed in zebrafish larvae raised under normoxia (PO2 = 20 kPa) and under chronic hypoxia (PO2 = 10 kPa) at three different temperatures (25, 28, and 31°C). Heart rate increased with development and with temperature. Under normoxia, cardiac output increased significantly at high temperature (31°C), but not at 28 or at 25°C. Under chronic hypoxia, however, heart rate as well as cardiac output increased at all temperatures in larvae at about hatching time or shortly thereafter. Cardiac activity of larvae raised for 2 wk after fertilization with a reduced hemoglobin oxygen-carrying capacity in their blood (hypoxemia; due to the presence of CO or of phenylhydrazine in the incubation water) was not different from control animals. Whole body lactate content of these animals did not increase. Thus there was no indication of a stimulated anaerobic energy metabolism. The increase in cardiac activity observed during hypoxia suggests that at about hatching time receptors are present that sense hypoxic conditions, and this information can be used to induce a stimulation of convective oxygen transport to compensate for a reduction in bulk oxygen diffusion in the face of a reduced oxygen gradient between environmental water and tissues. Under normoxia, however, the PO2 gradient between environmental water and tissues and diffusional oxygen transport assure sufficient oxygen supply even if hemoglobin oxygen transport in the blood is severely impaired. Thus, under normoxic conditions and with a normal metabolic rate of the tissues, convective oxygen transport is not required until ~2 wk after fertilization.

anaerobic metabolism; cardiac output; convective oxygen transport


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