Maternal obesity accentuates offspring obesity in dams bred to develop diet-induced obesity (DIO) on a 31% fat, high energy (HE) diet but has no effect on offspring of diet-resistant (DR) dams. Here only DIO dams became obese on HE diet when they and DR dams were fed 5% fat chow or HE diets throughout gestation and lactation. Leptin sensitivity of dissociated arcuate (ARC) and ventromedial (VMN) hypothalamic nucleus neurons from the 3-4 wk old offspring was assessed using fura-2 calcium imaging to monitor leptin-induced changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca²⁺]_i) as an index of neuronal activity. At 0.1, 1, 10 fmol/l leptin, ~4 times more VMN and ARC neurons were excited than inhibited by leptin. In the VMN, leptin excited up to 41% fewer neurons and these excited neurons were less sensitive to increasing doses of leptin in DIO compared to DR offspring. Also, maternal HE diet intake decreased the percentage of leptin-excited VMN neurons in both DIO and DR offspring and decreased the percentage of leptin-inhibited VMN neurons by 36% only in DIO offspring. In the ARC, there were no genotype or maternal diet effects on the percentage of ARC neurons excited by leptin. However, those DR neurons that were leptin-excited were more sensitive to leptin than were those from DIO offspring. These data suggest that reduced responsiveness of DIO VMN neurons to leptin's excitatory effects may be an important contributing factor to the reduced anorectic and thermogenic leptin responsiveness of DIO rats in vivo.